{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401879629","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vlsitechnologyandcir46783.2024.10631515","title":"MINOTAUR: An Edge Transformer Inference and Training Accelerator with 12 MBytes On-Chip Resistive RAM and Fine-Grained Spatiotemporal Power Gating","display_name":"MINOTAUR: An Edge Transformer Inference and Training Accelerator with 12 MBytes On-Chip Resistive RAM and Fine-Grained Spatiotemporal Power Gating","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-06-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401879629","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vlsitechnologyandcir46783.2024.10631515"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/vlsitechnologyandcir46783.2024.10631515","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vlsitechnologyandcir46783.2024.10631515","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE Symposium on VLSI Technology and Circuits (VLSI Technology and Circuits)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062937114","display_name":"Kartik Prabhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4179-1692"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kartik Prabhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University,CA,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University,CA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033289364","display_name":"Robert M. Radway","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3393-5489"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert M. Radway","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University,CA,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University,CA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102968925","display_name":"Jeffrey Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9643-7490"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeffrey Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University,CA,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University,CA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106752593","display_name":"Kai Bartolone","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Bartolone","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University,CA,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University,CA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065617345","display_name":"Massimo Giordano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7012-4135"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Massimo Giordano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University,CA,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University,CA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106769633","display_name":"Fabian Peddinghaus","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabian Peddinghaus","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University,CA,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University,CA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5095854318","display_name":"Yonatan Urman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5763-8174"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yonatan Urman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University,CA,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University,CA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083012416","display_name":"Win-San Khwa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6283-3564"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120917","display_name":"Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (Taiwan)","ror":"https://ror.org/02wx79d08","country_code":"TW","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120917"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Win-San Khwa","raw_affiliation_strings":["TSMC,Hsinchu,Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TSMC,Hsinchu,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120917"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109491324","display_name":"Yu-Der Chih","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120917","display_name":"Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (Taiwan)","ror":"https://ror.org/02wx79d08","country_code":"TW","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120917"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu-Der Chih","raw_affiliation_strings":["TSMC,Hsinchu,Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TSMC,Hsinchu,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120917"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023225287","display_name":"Meng\u2010Fan Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6905-6350"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120917","display_name":"Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (Taiwan)","ror":"https://ror.org/02wx79d08","country_code":"TW","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120917"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meng-Fan Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["TSMC,Hsinchu,Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TSMC,Hsinchu,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120917"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036312663","display_name":"Subhasish Mitra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5572-5194"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Subhasish Mitra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University,CA,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University,CA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029554261","display_name":"Priyanka Raina","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8834-8663"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Priyanka Raina","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University,CA,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University,CA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":12,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2275,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88278562,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"2"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9871000051498413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9366999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-gating","display_name":"Power gating","score":0.5950486660003662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-device","display_name":"Edge device","score":0.5800489187240601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chip","display_name":"Chip","score":0.5701011419296265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.5519607663154602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5403267741203308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resistive-touchscreen","display_name":"Resistive touchscreen","score":0.44863221049308777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.44566547870635986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-demand","display_name":"Power demand","score":0.44417884945869446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.386322945356369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.3716438412666321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3590114116668701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.3324539065361023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2797301113605499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2444102168083191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.21630626916885376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.19112884998321533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.17143675684928894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.15218329429626465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-consumption","display_name":"Power consumption","score":0.1404837965965271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.11968767642974854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.07505455613136292}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780700455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7236515","display_name":"Power gating","level":4,"score":0.5950486660003662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.5800489187240601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165005293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074500","display_name":"Chip","level":2,"score":0.5701011419296265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.5519607663154602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5403267741203308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6899612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852911","display_name":"Resistive touchscreen","level":2,"score":0.44863221049308777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.44566547870635986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983317576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1853339","display_name":"Power demand","level":4,"score":0.44417884945869446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.386322945356369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3716438412666321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3590114116668701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3324539065361023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2797301113605499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2444102168083191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.21630626916885376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.19112884998321533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.17143675684928894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.15218329429626465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984118289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29954","display_name":"Power consumption","level":3,"score":0.1404837965965271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.11968767642974854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.07505455613136292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172385210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5339","display_name":"Transistor","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/vlsitechnologyandcir46783.2024.10631515","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vlsitechnologyandcir46783.2024.10631515","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE Symposium on VLSI Technology and Circuits (VLSI Technology and Circuits)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7099999785423279,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":1,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4246527035"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2138099459","https://openalex.org/W2339195741","https://openalex.org/W1965635593","https://openalex.org/W4210367193","https://openalex.org/W2140707386","https://openalex.org/W2041557219","https://openalex.org/W2133075121","https://openalex.org/W2113682982","https://openalex.org/W4249785026","https://openalex.org/W2984119185"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"MINOTAUR":[0,22,50],"is":[1],"the":[2],"first":[3],"energy-efficient":[4],"edge":[5],"SoC":[6],"for":[7,38],"inference":[8,74],"and":[9,42,57,59,64,69,76],"training":[10,83],"of":[11,55,61,81],"Transformers":[12],"(and":[13],"other":[14],"networks,":[15],"e.g.,":[16],"CNNs)":[17],"with":[18],"all":[19],"memory":[20],"on-chip.":[21],"leverages":[23],"a":[24],"configurable":[25],"8-bit":[26],"posit-based":[27],"accelerator,":[28],"fine-grained":[29],"spatiotemporal":[30],"power":[31],"gating":[32],"enabled":[33],"by":[34],"on-chip":[35,43,77],"resistive-RAM":[36],"(RRAM)":[37],"dynamically":[39],"adjustable":[40],"bandwidth,":[41],"fine-tuning":[44,78],"through":[45],"full-network":[46],"low-rank":[47],"adaptation":[48],"(LoRA).":[49],"achieves":[51],"an":[52],"average":[53],"utilization":[54],"93%":[56],"74%":[58],"energy":[60,86],"8.1":[62],"mJ":[63,66],"8.2":[65],"on":[67],"ResNet-18":[68],"MobileBERT":[70],"<inf":[71],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[72],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">Tiny</inf>":[73],"respectively,":[75],"within":[79],"1.7%":[80],"offline":[82],"without":[84],"RRAM-induced":[85],"limitations":[87],"or":[88],"endurance":[89],"degradations.":[90]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
