{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401879865","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vlsitechnologyandcir46783.2024.10631408","title":"A 22nm Nonvolatile AI-Edge Processor with 21.4TFLOPS/W using 47.25Mb Lossless-Compressed-Computing STT-MRAM Near-Memory-Compute Macro","display_name":"A 22nm Nonvolatile AI-Edge Processor with 21.4TFLOPS/W using 47.25Mb Lossless-Compressed-Computing STT-MRAM Near-Memory-Compute Macro","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-06-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401879865","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vlsitechnologyandcir46783.2024.10631408"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/vlsitechnologyandcir46783.2024.10631408","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vlsitechnologyandcir46783.2024.10631408","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE Symposium on VLSI Technology and Circuits (VLSI Technology and Circuits)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049419380","display_name":"De-Qi You","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0588-9953"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"De-Qi You","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University,Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083012416","display_name":"Win-San Khwa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6283-3564"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120917","display_name":"Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (Taiwan)","ror":"https://ror.org/02wx79d08","country_code":"TW","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120917"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Win-San Khwa","raw_affiliation_strings":["TSMC,Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TSMC,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120917"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102085839","display_name":"Jui-Jen Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120917","display_name":"Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (Taiwan)","ror":"https://ror.org/02wx79d08","country_code":"TW","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120917"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jui-Jen Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["TSMC,Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TSMC,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120917"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004072847","display_name":"Chuan-Jia Jhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7599-495X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chuan-Jia Jhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University,Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039580108","display_name":"Guan-Yi Lin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guan-Yi Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University,Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017581674","display_name":"Po\u2010Jung Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8875-432X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Po-Jung Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University,Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108908048","display_name":"Ting-Chien Chiu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ting-Chien Chiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University,Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060657616","display_name":"Fang\u2010Yi Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fang-Yi Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University,Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100450491","display_name":"Andrew Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7012-8462"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University,Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108536355","display_name":"Yu-Cheng Hung","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu-Cheng Hung","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University,Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030409860","display_name":"Chung\u2010Chuan Lo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7737-7250"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chung-Chuan Lo","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University,Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007060812","display_name":"Ren-Shuo Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5311-4955"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ren-Shuo Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University,Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052910427","display_name":"Chih-Cheng Hsieh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4070-5059"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chih-Cheng Hsieh","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University,Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044259295","display_name":"Kea\u2010Tiong Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9689-1236"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kea-Tiong Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University,Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109491324","display_name":"Yu-Der Chih","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120917","display_name":"Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (Taiwan)","ror":"https://ror.org/02wx79d08","country_code":"TW","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120917"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu-Der Chih","raw_affiliation_strings":["TSMC,Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TSMC,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120917"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114087240","display_name":"Tsung-Yung Jonathan Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6505-5474"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120917","display_name":"Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (Taiwan)","ror":"https://ror.org/02wx79d08","country_code":"TW","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120917"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tsung-Yung Jonathan Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["TSMC,Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TSMC,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120917"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023225287","display_name":"Meng\u2010Fan Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6905-6350"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meng-Fan Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University,Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":17,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5049419380"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6767,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84356682,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"2"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10472","display_name":"Semiconductor materials and devices","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetoresistive-random-access-memory","display_name":"Magnetoresistive random-access memory","score":0.8294703960418701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lossless-compression","display_name":"Lossless compression","score":0.7704923152923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6588581204414368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.619033694267273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-volatile-memory","display_name":"Non-volatile memory","score":0.5706750750541687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/macro","display_name":"Macro","score":0.5188719034194946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.45363128185272217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/in-memory-processing","display_name":"In-Memory Processing","score":0.4172946810722351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.3380771279335022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.31984585523605347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-access-memory","display_name":"Random access memory","score":0.310396283864975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-compression","display_name":"Data compression","score":0.29735082387924194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.11251944303512573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.07826107740402222}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46891859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061546","display_name":"Magnetoresistive random-access memory","level":3,"score":0.8294703960418701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81081738","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55542","display_name":"Lossless compression","level":3,"score":0.7704923152923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6588581204414368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.619033694267273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177950962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10997658","display_name":"Non-volatile memory","level":2,"score":0.5706750750541687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166955791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629579","display_name":"Macro","level":2,"score":0.5188719034194946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.45363128185272217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123593499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6008583","display_name":"In-Memory Processing","level":5,"score":0.4172946810722351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.3380771279335022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.31984585523605347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994168587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5295","display_name":"Random access memory","level":2,"score":0.310396283864975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78548338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2493","display_name":"Data compression","level":2,"score":0.29735082387924194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.11251944303512573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.07826107740402222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194222762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q114486","display_name":"Query by Example","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164120249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q995982","display_name":"Web search query","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97854310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19541","display_name":"Search engine","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/vlsitechnologyandcir46783.2024.10631408","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vlsitechnologyandcir46783.2024.10631408","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE Symposium on VLSI Technology and Circuits (VLSI Technology and Circuits)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8100000023841858,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":1,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4252026737"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4403122749","https://openalex.org/W2171162600","https://openalex.org/W2002108625","https://openalex.org/W1993178305","https://openalex.org/W2375427054","https://openalex.org/W2601736132","https://openalex.org/W2700018028","https://openalex.org/W4231914254","https://openalex.org/W2342993049","https://openalex.org/W2024190459"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Battery-powered":[0],"AI-edge":[1],"processors":[2],"require":[3],"short":[4,39,85],"wakeup-to-response":[5],"latency":[6,40],"(T<inf":[7,41],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[8,42,87],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">WR</inf>)":[9],"and":[10,34,44,65,90],"high":[11,45,82,91],"energy":[12],"efficiency":[13],"(EF)":[14],"for":[15],"accurate":[16],"real-time":[17],"inference.":[18],"This":[19,47],"necessitates":[20],"high-capacity":[21],"nvCIM":[22,54,80],"macros":[23],"to":[24],"store":[25],"floating-point":[26],"(FP)":[27],"neural":[28],"network":[29],"(NN)":[30],"data":[31],"(e.g.,":[32],"BF16)":[33],"perform":[35],"MAC":[36],"operations":[37],"with":[38,56,77],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">CD</inf>)":[43],"EF.":[46],"paper":[48],"presents":[49],"an":[50],"STT":[51],"-":[52],"MRAM":[53],"macro":[55],"lossless":[57],"compression":[58],"computation,":[59],"a":[60],"near-far":[61],"aware":[62],"readout":[63],"scheme,":[64],"system-level":[66],"CIM-friendly":[67],"hybrid":[68],"weight":[69],"mapping.":[70],"The":[71],"proposed":[72],"22nm":[73],"nonvolatile":[74,98,101],"processor":[75],"(nvProcessor)":[76],"47.25-Mb":[78],"STT-MRAM":[79],"achieved":[81],"EF":[83,93],"(21.4TFLOPS/W),":[84],"<tex":[86],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$\\mathrm{T}_{\\text{WR}}(428.58\\mu":[88],"\\mathrm{s})$</tex>,":[89],"macro-level":[92],"(27.6TFLOPS/W).":[94],"Keywords:":[95],"multiply-and-accumulate":[96],"(MAC),":[97],"memory":[99],"(NVM),":[100],"compute-in-memory":[102],"(nvCIM)":[103]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T14:29:43.386196","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}