{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3048800735","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vlsicircuits18222.2020.9162831","title":"A 2D-SPAD Array and Read-Out AFE for Next-Generation Solid-State LiDAR","display_name":"A 2D-SPAD Array and Read-Out AFE for Next-Generation Solid-State LiDAR","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3048800735","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vlsicircuits18222.2020.9162831","mag":"3048800735"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/vlsicircuits18222.2020.9162831","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vlsicircuits18222.2020.9162831","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE Symposium on VLSI Circuits","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046177184","display_name":"Tuan Thanh Ta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7703-372X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292669757","display_name":"Toshiba (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/0326v3z14","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292669757"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tuan Thanh Ta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Toshiba, Kawasaki, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toshiba, Kawasaki, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292669757"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081195552","display_name":"Hiroshi Kubota","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5515-1629"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292669757","display_name":"Toshiba (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/0326v3z14","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292669757"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hiroshi Kubota","raw_affiliation_strings":["Toshiba Electronic Devices and Storage, Kawasaki, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toshiba Electronic Devices and Storage, Kawasaki, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292669757"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037365027","display_name":"K. Kokubun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292669757","display_name":"Toshiba (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/0326v3z14","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292669757"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Koichi Kokubun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Toshiba Electronic Devices and Storage, Kawasaki, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toshiba Electronic Devices and Storage, Kawasaki, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292669757"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006252814","display_name":"Toshiki Sugimoto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3453-6009"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292669757","display_name":"Toshiba (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/0326v3z14","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292669757"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Toshiki Sugimoto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Toshiba, Kawasaki, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toshiba, Kawasaki, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292669757"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017672700","display_name":"Masatoshi Hirono","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0367-0467"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292669757","display_name":"Toshiba (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/0326v3z14","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292669757"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Masatoshi Hirono","raw_affiliation_strings":["Toshiba, Yokohama, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toshiba, Yokohama, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292669757"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005701744","display_name":"Mitsuhiro Sengoku","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292669757","display_name":"Toshiba (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/0326v3z14","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292669757"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mitsuhiro Sengoku","raw_affiliation_strings":["Toshiba Electronic Devices and Storage, Kawasaki, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toshiba Electronic Devices and Storage, Kawasaki, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292669757"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027906563","display_name":"Hisaaki Katagiri","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292669757","display_name":"Toshiba (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/0326v3z14","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292669757"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hisaaki Katagiri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Toshiba Electronic Devices and Storage, Kawasaki, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toshiba Electronic Devices and Storage, Kawasaki, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292669757"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011531818","display_name":"Hidenori Okuni","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292669757","display_name":"Toshiba (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/0326v3z14","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292669757"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hidenori Okuni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Toshiba, Kawasaki, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toshiba, Kawasaki, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292669757"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079834594","display_name":"Satoshi Kondo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6703-4262"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292669757","display_name":"Toshiba (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/0326v3z14","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292669757"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Satoshi Kondo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Toshiba, Kawasaki, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toshiba, Kawasaki, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292669757"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044007035","display_name":"Shinichi Ohtsuka","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292669757","display_name":"Toshiba (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/0326v3z14","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292669757"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shinichi Ohtsuka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Toshiba Electronic Devices and Storage, Kawasaki, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toshiba Electronic Devices and Storage, Kawasaki, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292669757"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111883240","display_name":"Honam Kwon","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292669757","display_name":"Toshiba (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/0326v3z14","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292669757"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Honam Kwon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Toshiba, Kawasaki, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toshiba, Kawasaki, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292669757"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058161957","display_name":"K. Sasaki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6595-3564"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292669757","display_name":"Toshiba (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/0326v3z14","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292669757"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keita Sasaki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Toshiba, Kawasaki, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toshiba, Kawasaki, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292669757"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100989261","display_name":"Yutaka Ota","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292669757","display_name":"Toshiba (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/0326v3z14","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292669757"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yutaka Ota","raw_affiliation_strings":["Toshiba Electronic Devices and Storage, Kawasaki, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toshiba Electronic Devices and Storage, Kawasaki, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292669757"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103896598","display_name":"Kazuhiro Suzuki","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292669757","display_name":"Toshiba (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/0326v3z14","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292669757"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kazuhiro Suzuki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Toshiba, Kawasaki, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toshiba, Kawasaki, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292669757"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109405607","display_name":"Katsuyuki Kimura","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292669757","display_name":"Toshiba (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/0326v3z14","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292669757"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Katsuyuki Kimura","raw_affiliation_strings":["Toshiba Electronic Devices and Storage, Kawasaki, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toshiba Electronic Devices and Storage, Kawasaki, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292669757"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055467060","display_name":"Kentaro Yoshioka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5640-2250"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292669757","display_name":"Toshiba (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/0326v3z14","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292669757"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kentaro Yoshioka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Toshiba, Kawasaki, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toshiba, Kawasaki, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292669757"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011873831","display_name":"Akihide Sai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0440-1672"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292669757","display_name":"Toshiba (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/0326v3z14","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292669757"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akihide Sai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Toshiba, Kawasaki, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toshiba, Kawasaki, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292669757"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028149708","display_name":"Nobu Matsumoto","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292669757","display_name":"Toshiba (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/0326v3z14","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292669757"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nobu Matsumoto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Toshiba Electronic Devices and Storage, Kawasaki, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toshiba Electronic Devices and Storage, Kawasaki, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292669757"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":18,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.514,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87633929,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"2"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9814000129699707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11569","display_name":"Optical Coherence Tomography Applications","score":0.9804999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.8721027374267578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.6042541265487671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solid-state","display_name":"Solid-state","score":0.6040401458740234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5444123148918152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-resolution","display_name":"Image resolution","score":0.4591386616230011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-acquisition","display_name":"Data acquisition","score":0.4416182041168213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.42125511169433594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.36462268233299255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3496131896972656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.21564674377441406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2068292796611786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.11008995771408081}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.8721027374267578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.6042541265487671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107814960","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q611957","display_name":"Solid-state","level":2,"score":0.6040401458740234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5444123148918152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205372480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"Image resolution","level":2,"score":0.4591386616230011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163985040","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172399","display_name":"Data acquisition","level":2,"score":0.4416182041168213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.42125511169433594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.36462268233299255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3496131896972656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.21564674377441406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2068292796611786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.11008995771408081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61696701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q770766","display_name":"Engineering physics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/vlsicircuits18222.2020.9162831","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vlsicircuits18222.2020.9162831","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE Symposium on VLSI Circuits","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8299999833106995,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":2,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1980309951","https://openalex.org/W2893585393"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4319317934","https://openalex.org/W2901265155","https://openalex.org/W2956374172","https://openalex.org/W4319837668","https://openalex.org/W4308071650","https://openalex.org/W2614621130","https://openalex.org/W2547665164","https://openalex.org/W2044092692","https://openalex.org/W3103111272","https://openalex.org/W4289655544"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"introduces":[2],"several":[3],"key":[4],"RX":[5,85],"techniques":[6],"to":[7,80],"realize":[8],"a":[9,61,73],"200m-range":[10,81],"and":[11,29,58],"low-cost":[12],"high-pixel-resolution":[13],"solid-state":[14,83],"LiDAR":[15,84],"for":[16],"autonomous":[17],"self-driving":[18],"systems.":[19],"In-Sensor":[20],"Scanning":[21],"2D-SPAD":[22],"array":[23],"can":[24],"remove":[25],"the":[26,31,46,54,65],"mechanical":[27],"mirror":[28],"improve":[30],"pixel-resolution":[32],"by":[33],"implying":[34],"short":[35],"dead":[36],"time":[37],"active-quenching":[38],"SPADs.":[39],"For":[40],"ToF":[41],"calculating":[42],"SoC,":[43],"we":[44],"adopt":[45],"world":[47],"first":[48],"dual-data":[49],"converter":[50],"(DDC)":[51],"which":[52],"consolidates":[53],"functions":[55],"of":[56,67],"ADC":[57],"TDC":[59],"into":[60],"single":[62,74],"circuitry,":[63],"achieving":[64],"acquisition":[66],"both":[68],"high-precision":[69],"time/voltage":[70],"data":[71],"from":[72],"input.":[75],"Such":[76],"innovations":[77],"lead":[78],"us":[79],"300\u00d780-pixel":[82],"under":[86],"70klux":[87],"solar":[88],"radiation.":[89]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
