{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7135070159","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vlsi-soc64688.2025.11421711","title":"Deus Ex LLMs: AI vs Humans in Post-Quantum Cryptographic Hardware Code Generation","display_name":"Deus Ex LLMs: AI vs Humans in Post-Quantum Cryptographic Hardware Code Generation","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7135070159","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vlsi-soc64688.2025.11421711"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/vlsi-soc64688.2025.11421711","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vlsi-soc64688.2025.11421711","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IFIP/IEEE 33rd International Conference on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI-SoC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120648350","display_name":"Ethan Cornett","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ethan Cornett","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina State University,HECTOR Research Lab,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University,HECTOR Research Lab,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124303798","display_name":"Rahul Magesh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rahul Magesh","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina State University,HECTOR Research Lab,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University,HECTOR Research Lab,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124307081","display_name":"Sharath Pendyala","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sharath Pendyala","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina State University,HECTOR Research Lab,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University,HECTOR Research Lab,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048581697","display_name":"Elif Bilge Kavun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3193-8440"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113131","display_name":"Barkhausen Institut","ror":"https://ror.org/0260qqv98","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113131"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elif Bilge Kavun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Barkhausen Institut,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Barkhausen Institut,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113131"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123375828","display_name":"Aydin Aysu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aydin Aysu","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina State University,HECTOR Research Lab,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University,HECTOR Research Lab,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.3758,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94191479,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.3517000079154968,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.3517000079154968,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.25220000743865967,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.05310000106692314,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.5960999727249146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation","display_name":"Implementation","score":0.590399980545044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5795000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/design-flow","display_name":"Design flow","score":0.5507000088691711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.48399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-level-synthesis","display_name":"High-level synthesis","score":0.4571000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-generation","display_name":"Code generation","score":0.43950000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/register-transfer-level","display_name":"Register-transfer level","score":0.4016000032424927}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7599999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.5960999727249146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.590399980545044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5795000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37135326","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931942","display_name":"Design flow","level":2,"score":0.5507000088691711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.49410000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.48399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58013763","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5754574","display_name":"High-level synthesis","level":3,"score":0.4571000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133162039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061077","display_name":"Code generation","level":3,"score":0.43950000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.42910000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34854456","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1484552","display_name":"Register-transfer level","level":4,"score":0.4016000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15927051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q246593","display_name":"Cryptographic primitive","level":4,"score":0.3538999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.33469998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39217717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432354","display_name":"Hardware security module","level":3,"score":0.3199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90673727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.31790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157922185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173198","display_name":"Logic synthesis","level":3,"score":0.29589998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.2630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.2614000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74524168","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074539","display_name":"Integrated circuit design","level":2,"score":0.26089999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13164978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q600158","display_name":"Hardware acceleration","level":3,"score":0.25699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163173736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3308558","display_name":"Key generation","level":3,"score":0.25110000371932983}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/vlsi-soc64688.2025.11421711","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vlsi-soc64688.2025.11421711","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IFIP/IEEE 33rd International Conference on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI-SoC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Emerging":[0],"Post-Quantum":[1],"Cryptographic":[2],"(PQC)":[3],"schemes":[4],"such":[5],"as":[6],"FALCON":[7],"demand":[8],"highly":[9],"optimized":[10],"hardware":[11,25,144,166],"implementations":[12,125],"to":[13,80],"meet":[14],"strict":[15],"area":[16,132],"and":[17,44,83,112,120,130,156,159],"execution":[18,128],"time":[19,129],"constraints":[20],"on":[21,29,66],"embedded":[22],"devices.":[23],"Traditional":[24],"designs":[26,94],"rely":[27],"heavily":[28],"expert-crafted":[30],"Register":[31],"Transfer":[32],"Level":[33,37],"(RTL)":[34],"or":[35],"High":[36],"Synthesis":[38],"(HLS)":[39],"code,":[40,135],"which":[41],"is":[42],"time-consuming":[43],"error-prone.":[45],"In":[46],"this":[47],"work,":[48],"we":[49],"explore":[50],"the":[51,60],"use":[52],"of":[53,62,98,133],"large":[54],"language":[55],"models":[56,99],"(LLMs)":[57],"for":[58,163],"accelerating":[59],"development":[61],"cryptographic":[63],"hardware,":[64],"focusing":[65],"FALCON\u2019s":[67],"performance-critical":[68],"Samplerz":[69],"subroutine.":[70],"We":[71,91,146],"propose":[72],"a":[73,96],"design":[74,167],"flow":[75],"that":[76,139],"iteratively":[77],"leverages":[78],"LLMs":[79,140],"generate,":[81],"refine,":[82],"evaluate":[84],"synthesizable":[85],"C":[86],"code":[87],"using":[88],"HLS":[89],"tools.":[90],"analyze":[92],"generated":[93],"across":[95],"range":[97],"(e.g.,":[100],"GPT-4,":[101],"Claude,":[102],"Gemini,":[103],"Grok),":[104],"compare":[105],"them":[106],"with":[107],"prior":[108],"hand-crafted":[109],"RTL":[110],"designs,":[111],"report":[113],"implementation":[114],"metrics":[115],"including":[116],"Area-Delay":[117],"Product":[118],"(ADP)":[119],"synthesis":[121],"convergence.":[122],"Alongside":[123],"achieving":[124],"within":[126],"4%":[127],"30%":[131],"expert-tuned":[134],"our":[136],"results":[137],"demonstrate":[138],"can":[141],"discover":[142],"novel":[143],"optimizations.":[145],"finally":[147],"identify":[148],"key":[149],"challenges":[150],"in":[151],"prompt":[152],"engineering,":[153],"numerical":[154],"stability,":[155],"testbench":[157],"overfitting,":[158],"provide":[160],"actionable":[161],"recommendations":[162],"future":[164],"AI-assisted":[165],"frameworks.":[168]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-19T17:40:00.097472","created_date":"2026-03-13T00:00:00"}