{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388894059","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vlsi-soc57769.2023.10321943","title":"Efficient Design-Time Flexible Hardware Architecture for Accelerating Homomorphic Encryption","display_name":"Efficient Design-Time Flexible Hardware Architecture for Accelerating Homomorphic Encryption","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388894059","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vlsi-soc57769.2023.10321943"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/vlsi-soc57769.2023.10321943","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vlsi-soc57769.2023.10321943","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IFIP/IEEE 31st International Conference on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI-SoC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012944167","display_name":"Can Ayduman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134235054","display_name":"Sabanc\u0131 \u00dcniversitesi","ror":"https://ror.org/049asqa32","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134235054"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Can Ayduman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sabanc&#x0131; University,Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences,Istanbul,Turkey"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sabanc&#x0131; University,Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences,Istanbul,Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134235054"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113051817","display_name":"Emre Ko\u00e7er","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134235054","display_name":"Sabanc\u0131 \u00dcniversitesi","ror":"https://ror.org/049asqa32","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134235054"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emre Ko\u00e7er","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sabanc&#x0131; University,Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences,Istanbul,Turkey"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sabanc&#x0131; University,Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences,Istanbul,Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134235054"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093314707","display_name":"Selim K\u0131rb\u0131y\u0131k","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134235054","display_name":"Sabanc\u0131 \u00dcniversitesi","ror":"https://ror.org/049asqa32","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134235054"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Selim K\u0131rb\u0131y\u0131k","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sabanc&#x0131; University,Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences,Istanbul,Turkey"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sabanc&#x0131; University,Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences,Istanbul,Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134235054"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069743425","display_name":"Ahmet Can Mert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7400-2450"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","display_name":"Graz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7xrm67","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmet Can Mert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graz University of Technology,Institute of Applied Information Processing and Communications,Graz,Austria","Institute of Applied Information Processing and Communications, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graz University of Technology,Institute of Applied Information Processing and Communications,Graz,Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Applied Information Processing and Communications, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064835031","display_name":"Erkay Sava\u015f","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4869-5556"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134235054","display_name":"Sabanc\u0131 \u00dcniversitesi","ror":"https://ror.org/049asqa32","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134235054"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erkay Sava\u015f","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sabanc&#x0131; University,Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences,Istanbul,Turkey"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sabanc&#x0131; University,Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences,Istanbul,Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134235054"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5012944167"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134235054"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6852,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76542194,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11693","display_name":"Cryptography and Residue Arithmetic","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11130","display_name":"Coding theory and cryptography","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homomorphic-encryption","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","score":0.7621781826019287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplication","display_name":"Multiplication (music)","score":0.6441544890403748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6195328831672668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modular-arithmetic","display_name":"Modular arithmetic","score":0.5938501358032227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polynomial","display_name":"Polynomial","score":0.5170467495918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.46641409397125244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.4579000771045685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modular-design","display_name":"Modular design","score":0.4133402407169342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.3524544835090637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.3226204216480255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.30348318815231323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.2636142075061798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.13359040021896362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.1086147129535675}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158338273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154943","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","level":3,"score":0.7621781826019287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780595030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3860309","display_name":"Multiplication (music)","level":2,"score":0.6441544890403748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6195328831672668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32049820","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q319400","display_name":"Modular arithmetic","level":3,"score":0.5938501358032227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90119067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43260","display_name":"Polynomial","level":2,"score":0.5170467495918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.46641409397125244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.4579000771045685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.4133402407169342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.3524544835090637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.3226204216480255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.30348318815231323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2636142075061798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.13359040021896362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.1086147129535675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/vlsi-soc57769.2023.10321943","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vlsi-soc57769.2023.10321943","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IFIP/IEEE 31st International Conference on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI-SoC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research.sabanciuniv.edu:48992","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.sabanciuniv.edu/id/eprint/48992/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402254","display_name":"Sabanci University","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I134235054","host_organization_name":"Sabanc\u0131 \u00dcniversitesi","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134235054"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2538134746","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101079319","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334322","display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W179223734","https://openalex.org/W1498685334","https://openalex.org/W1669999576","https://openalex.org/W2031533839","https://openalex.org/W2077110374","https://openalex.org/W2415881634","https://openalex.org/W2768174108","https://openalex.org/W2934510082","https://openalex.org/W2981801946","https://openalex.org/W3217272717","https://openalex.org/W4294326371","https://openalex.org/W4384159582","https://openalex.org/W6802274187"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2539930818","https://openalex.org/W4403623784","https://openalex.org/W4393118461","https://openalex.org/W2887779253","https://openalex.org/W2361290373","https://openalex.org/W4302768783","https://openalex.org/W2782264914","https://openalex.org/W2904069009","https://openalex.org/W1839485747","https://openalex.org/W2355149595"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,34,72,139],"design-time":[4,35],"configurable":[5,36],"hardware":[6,9,42],"generator":[7],"for":[8,43,74,135,137,150,159],"acceleration":[10],"of":[11,29,98,120,153],"the":[12,24,30,75,99,103,121,151],"CKKS":[13],"Fully":[14],"Homomorphic":[15],"Encryption":[16],"(FHE)":[17],"scheme.":[18],"Our":[19],"design":[20,131],"aims":[21],"to":[22,89,130,166],"accelerate":[23],"multiplication":[25,41,59,62,70,84,112],"and":[26,51,113,126,145,155],"relinearization":[27],"operations":[28],"CKKS.":[31],"It":[32],"includes":[33],"Number":[37],"Theoretic":[38],"Transform":[39],"(NTT)":[40],"polynomial":[44,83,160],"sizes":[45],"between":[46],"2":[47,52,162,167],"<sup":[48,53,163,168],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[49,54,164,169],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">10</sup>":[50,165],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">15</sup>":[55,170],".":[56,171],"The":[57,78,94],"NTT-based":[58],"realizes":[60],"modular":[61,111,114],"using":[63],"an":[64,132,147],"efficient":[65,133,148],"word-level":[66],"Montgomery":[67],"reduction":[68],"algorithm.Polynomial":[69],"is":[71,102,124,128],"bottleneck":[73],"FHE":[76],"operations.":[77],"NTT":[79,100,122,136,141,154],"enables":[80],"very":[81],"fast":[82],"by":[85],"reducing":[86],"its":[87],"complexity":[88],"${\\mathcal{O}}\\left({n{{\\log":[90],"}_2}n}\\right)$":[91],"from":[92],"${\\mathcal{O}}\\left({{n^2}}\\right)$.":[93],"fundamental":[95],"arithmetic":[96],"block":[97],"operation":[101,123],"butterfly,":[104],"which":[105],"implements":[106],"four":[107],"different":[108],"operations,":[109],"namely,":[110],"addition/subtraction.The":[115],"memory":[116],"access":[117],"pattern":[118],"(MAP)":[119],"complex,":[125],"it":[127],"crucial":[129],"MAP":[134,152],"implementing":[138],"high-throughput":[140],"architecture.":[142],"We":[143],"designed":[144],"implemented":[146],"algorithm":[149],"generalized":[156],"this":[157],"approach":[158],"sizes,":[161]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
