{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388902222","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vlsi-soc57769.2023.10321917","title":"Post-Quantum, Order-Preserving Encryption for the Confidential Inference in Decision Trees: FPGA Design and Implementation","display_name":"Post-Quantum, Order-Preserving Encryption for the Confidential Inference in Decision Trees: FPGA Design and Implementation","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388902222","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vlsi-soc57769.2023.10321917"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/vlsi-soc57769.2023.10321917","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vlsi-soc57769.2023.10321917","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IFIP/IEEE 31st International Conference on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI-SoC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068963284","display_name":"Rupesh Raj Karn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4682-4457"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176601375","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rupesh Raj Karn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Khalifa University,Center for Cyber Physical Systems (C2PS),Abu Dhabi,UAE","Center for Cyber Physical Systems (C2PS), Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Khalifa University,Center for Cyber Physical Systems (C2PS),Abu Dhabi,UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Cyber Physical Systems (C2PS), Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037601916","display_name":"Kashif Nawaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3887-7364"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087059","display_name":"Technology Innovation Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/001kv2y39","country_code":"AE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087059"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kashif Nawaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technology Innovation Institute,Cryptography Research Center,Abu Dhabi,UAE","Cryptography Research Center, Technology Innovation Institute, Abu Dhabi, UAE"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technology Innovation Institute,Cryptography Research Center,Abu Dhabi,UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087059"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cryptography Research Center, Technology Innovation Institute, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087059"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048725993","display_name":"Ibrahim M. Elfadel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3220-9987"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176601375","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ibrahim Abe M. Elfadel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Khalifa University,Center for Cyber Physical Systems (C2PS),Abu Dhabi,UAE","Center for Cyber Physical Systems (C2PS), Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Khalifa University,Center for Cyber Physical Systems (C2PS),Abu Dhabi,UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Cyber Physical Systems (C2PS), Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068963284"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8728,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79391508,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ntru","display_name":"NTRU","score":0.960465669631958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7549554109573364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.6714080572128296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ciphertext","display_name":"Ciphertext","score":0.6299477815628052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.5284148454666138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rc4","display_name":"RC4","score":0.49169784784317017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3667186498641968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3265356421470642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-key-cryptography","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","score":0.2699117362499237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stream-cipher","display_name":"Stream cipher","score":0.175674170255661}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122368425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6955493","display_name":"NTRU","level":4,"score":0.960465669631958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7549554109573364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.6714080572128296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93974786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1589480","display_name":"Ciphertext","level":3,"score":0.6299477815628052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.5284148454666138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109154458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846955","display_name":"RC4","level":4,"score":0.49169784784317017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3667186498641968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3265356421470642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.2699117362499237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92950451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864718","display_name":"Stream cipher","level":3,"score":0.175674170255661}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/vlsi-soc57769.2023.10321917","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vlsi-soc57769.2023.10321917","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IFIP/IEEE 31st International Conference on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI-SoC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.5699999928474426}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W104209573","https://openalex.org/W1895952394","https://openalex.org/W2036178339","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2105098468","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2914654142","https://openalex.org/W2940252794","https://openalex.org/W4308654840","https://openalex.org/W4383501767"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4390824577","https://openalex.org/W4390511315","https://openalex.org/W1571236230","https://openalex.org/W2950440893","https://openalex.org/W2362903264","https://openalex.org/W3201042007","https://openalex.org/W2921056627","https://openalex.org/W4388902222","https://openalex.org/W2914861527","https://openalex.org/W2369864987"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"One":[0],"main":[1],"objective":[2,26],"of":[3,34,42,47,56,68],"this":[4],"paper":[5],"is":[6,27,45,88,99],"to":[7,10,18,28,91,108,124,130],"show":[8],"how":[9],"adapt":[11],"the":[12,19,35,57,62,69,110,115,125,143,149,168],"well-known,":[13],"lattice-based":[14],"NTRU":[15,98],"post-quantum":[16],"encryption":[17,44],"confidential":[20],"inference":[21,72,154,163],"in":[22,73,165],"decision":[23,58,74],"trees.":[24],"Another":[25],"describe":[29],"a":[30],"resource-efficient":[31],"FPGA":[32,141,166],"implementation":[33],"adapted":[36],"NTRU.":[37],"The":[38],"typical":[39],"use":[40],"case":[41],"such":[43],"that":[46],"two":[48],"parties":[49],"where":[50],"one":[51],"party":[52,64],"has":[53,65,83,136],"proprietary":[54,66],"ownership":[55,67],"tree":[59],"model":[60],"while":[61],"other":[63],"data.":[70],"Confidential":[71,153],"trees":[75],"can":[76,105,121],"be":[77,106,122],"insured":[78],"using":[79],"order-preserving":[80,111],"cryptography,":[81],"which":[82],"much":[84],"weaker":[85],"requirements":[86],"and":[87],"therefore":[89],"easier":[90],"implement":[92],"than":[93,158],"fully":[94],"homomorphic":[95],"cryptography.":[96],"Post-quantum":[97],"not":[100],"order-preserving,":[101],"but":[102],"interestingly,":[103],"it":[104],"modified":[107],"obey":[109],"property.":[112],"We":[113],"call":[114],"resulting":[116],"cipher":[117],"OP-NTRU.":[118],"Lossless":[119],"compression":[120,160],"applied":[123],"ciphertext":[126],"produced":[127],"by":[128],"OP-NTRU":[129,135],"facilitate":[131],"its":[132],"hardware":[133],"acceleration.":[134],"been":[137],"implemented":[138],"on":[139],"an":[140],"with":[142],"HDL":[144],"code":[145],"automatically":[146],"compiled":[147],"from":[148],"machine":[150],"learning":[151],"framework.":[152],"experiments":[155],"report":[156],"more":[157],"96%":[159],"without":[161],"degrading":[162],"accuracy":[164],"for":[167],"MNIST":[169],"dataset.":[170]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
