{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388893896","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vlsi-soc57769.2023.10321883","title":"A RISC-V SoC with Hardware Trojans: Case Study on Trojan-ing the On-Chip Protocol Conversion","display_name":"A RISC-V SoC with Hardware Trojans: Case Study on Trojan-ing the On-Chip Protocol Conversion","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388893896","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vlsi-soc57769.2023.10321883"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/vlsi-soc57769.2023.10321883","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vlsi-soc57769.2023.10321883","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IFIP/IEEE 31st International Conference on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI-SoC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Suman Deb","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suman Deb","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanyang Technological University,Singapore","Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanyang Technological University,Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089860351","display_name":"Anupam Chattopadhyay","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8818-6983"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anupam Chattopadhyay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanyang Technological University,Singapore","Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanyang Technological University,Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089135250","display_name":"Avi Mendelson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4274-6866"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174306211","display_name":"Technion \u2013 Israel Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03qryx823","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174306211"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Avi Mendelson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technion – Israel Institute of Technology,Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technion – Israel Institute of Technology,Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174306211"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9868999719619751,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.9858999848365784,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7372446060180664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.7224336862564087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-trojan","display_name":"Hardware Trojan","score":0.6787627339363098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/system-on-a-chip","display_name":"System on a chip","score":0.6007735729217529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-positive-paradox","display_name":"False positive paradox","score":0.5554404258728027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trojan","display_name":"Trojan","score":0.5231112837791443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.4866965115070343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.46929699182510376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.4209505617618561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.24023494124412537}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7372446060180664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.7224336862564087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780873074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5656397","display_name":"Hardware Trojan","level":3,"score":0.6787627339363098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118021083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q610398","display_name":"System on a chip","level":2,"score":0.6007735729217529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64869954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1859747","display_name":"False positive paradox","level":2,"score":0.5554404258728027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174333608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19635","display_name":"Trojan","level":2,"score":0.5231112837791443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.4866965115070343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.46929699182510376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.4209505617618561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.24023494124412537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/vlsi-soc57769.2023.10321883","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vlsi-soc57769.2023.10321883","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IFIP/IEEE 31st International Conference on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI-SoC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6600000262260437,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1565539145","https://openalex.org/W1965115062","https://openalex.org/W1994870682","https://openalex.org/W2011712479","https://openalex.org/W2012032225","https://openalex.org/W2021949528","https://openalex.org/W2079529953","https://openalex.org/W2098536553","https://openalex.org/W2103509612","https://openalex.org/W2104671161","https://openalex.org/W2106366482","https://openalex.org/W2131570398","https://openalex.org/W2135455660","https://openalex.org/W2152045849","https://openalex.org/W2161998562","https://openalex.org/W2166778460","https://openalex.org/W2296231679","https://openalex.org/W2464661970","https://openalex.org/W2524064595","https://openalex.org/W2566015346","https://openalex.org/W2610721529","https://openalex.org/W2753199827","https://openalex.org/W2757667045","https://openalex.org/W2904233109","https://openalex.org/W2925197357","https://openalex.org/W2936567838","https://openalex.org/W2989672901","https://openalex.org/W3000589874","https://openalex.org/W3036926273","https://openalex.org/W3103568134","https://openalex.org/W3114336057","https://openalex.org/W3150167865","https://openalex.org/W3157999218","https://openalex.org/W3159333627","https://openalex.org/W3176686472","https://openalex.org/W3179822130","https://openalex.org/W3186572303","https://openalex.org/W3187009719","https://openalex.org/W4206371282","https://openalex.org/W4210497269","https://openalex.org/W4213370430","https://openalex.org/W4224909990","https://openalex.org/W4234446968","https://openalex.org/W4281611033","https://openalex.org/W4361868121","https://openalex.org/W4378195105","https://openalex.org/W6737445345"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4385434494","https://openalex.org/W3159333627","https://openalex.org/W3004467197","https://openalex.org/W2091750459","https://openalex.org/W2999465529","https://openalex.org/W4328053173","https://openalex.org/W1500594134","https://openalex.org/W3084939900","https://openalex.org/W2382172865","https://openalex.org/W1526642037"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hardware":[0],"Trojans":[1],"(HTs)":[2],"are":[3,57],"a":[4,97,171,189],"serious":[5],"security":[6],"threat":[7],"to":[8,116,141],"the":[9,40,46,65,69,83,114,121,124,143,153,161,194],"highly-decentralized,":[10],"multi-stage":[11],"production":[12],"flow":[13],"of":[14,42,48,68,87,90,126,145,148,155,196],"today\u2019s":[15,199],"Integrated":[16],"Circuit":[17],"(IC)":[18],"industry.":[19],"Considerable":[20],"research":[21,207],"efforts":[22],"have":[23],"gone":[24],"into":[25],"developing":[26],"methodologies":[27],"for":[28,164,205],"detecting":[29],"HTs.":[30,150],"A":[31],"significant":[32],"issue":[33],"in":[34,96,106,123,133,198],"validating":[35],"HT":[36,176,209],"detection":[37,177],"algorithms":[38,70],"is":[39,113],"lack":[41],"open-source":[43,55],"benchmarks":[44,56],"with":[45],"complexity":[47],"modern-day":[49],"System-on-Chips":[50],"(SoCs).":[51],"The":[52],"currently":[53],"available":[54,93],"more":[58],"elementary":[59],"and,":[60],"therefore,":[61],"do":[62],"not":[63],"reveal":[64],"actual":[66],"robustness":[67],"against":[71,170],"false":[72,75],"positives":[73],"and":[74,85,104,166,185,201],"negatives.":[76],"To":[77,108],"address":[78],"this":[79,111,191],"issue,":[80],"we":[81],"present":[82],"design":[84],"integration":[86],"three":[88],"kinds":[89,147],"HTs":[91,157,197],"(publicly":[92],"at":[94],"[38])":[95],"RISC-V\u2014based":[98],"SoC.":[99,135],"We":[100,136,151],"explain":[101],"their":[102],"functionality":[103,144],"taxonomy":[105],"detail.":[107],"our":[109],"knowledge,":[110],"work":[112],"first":[115],"launch":[117],"trojan":[118],"attacks":[119],"targeting":[120],"mismatch":[122],"attributes":[125],"two":[127],"widely":[128],"used":[129],"on-chip":[130],"communication":[131],"protocols":[132],"an":[134,202],"performed":[137],"extensive":[138],"behavioral":[139],"simulations":[140],"verify":[142],"these":[146,156],"SoC-level":[149],"estimated":[152],"detectability":[154],"by:":[158],"(i)":[159],"synthesizing":[160],"HT-infested":[162],"SoC":[163],"FPGA":[165],"(ii)":[167],"evaluating":[168],"them":[169],"Graph":[172],"Neural":[173],"Network-based":[174],"pre-Silicon":[175],"tool,":[178],"automatic":[179],"test":[180],"pattern":[181],"generation,":[182],"reverse":[183],"engineering,":[184],"formal":[186],"verification.":[187],"In":[188],"nutshell,":[190],"paper":[192],"demonstrates":[193],"risk":[195],"SoCs":[200],"effective":[203],"environment":[204],"strengthening":[206],"on":[208],"detection.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}