{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2973377235","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vlhcc.2019.8818681","title":"The Long Tail: Understanding the Discoverability of API Functionality","display_name":"The Long Tail: Understanding the Discoverability of API Functionality","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-09-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2973377235","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vlhcc.2019.8818681","mag":"2973377235"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/vlhcc.2019.8818681","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vlhcc.2019.8818681","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing (VL/HCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023928676","display_name":"Amber Horvath","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9456-4779"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Amber Horvath","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005887313","display_name":"Brad A. Myers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4769-0219"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brad Myers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102962116","display_name":"Sachin Grover","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9938-6833"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sachin Grover","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072351864","display_name":"Sihan Dong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sihan Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102338155","display_name":"Emily Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emily Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016639995","display_name":"Finn Voichick","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1913-4178"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Finn Voichick","raw_affiliation_strings":["Washington University in St. Louis"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Washington University in St. Louis","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068961297","display_name":"Mary Beth Kery","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1771-0565"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mary Beth Kery","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050331890","display_name":"Shwetha Shinju","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shwetha Shinju","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040818628","display_name":"Daye Nam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3846-6924"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daye Nam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006385338","display_name":"Mariann Nagy","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mariann Nagy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Inc"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Inc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023928676"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0575,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83874181,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11675","display_name":"Open Source Software Innovations","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10430","display_name":"Software Engineering Techniques and Practices","score":0.9794999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8207230567932129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discoverability","display_name":"Discoverability","score":0.7376783490180969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programmer","display_name":"Programmer","score":0.6549891233444214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/application-programming-interface","display_name":"Application programming interface","score":0.6222134232521057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5844826698303223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.5054545402526855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.49081072211265564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.47859641909599304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.45853930711746216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.4162510633468628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.4020286798477173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.35825616121292114}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8207230567932129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778531742","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17009281","display_name":"Discoverability","level":2,"score":0.7376783490180969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778514511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1374194","display_name":"Programmer","level":2,"score":0.6549891233444214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99613125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165194","display_name":"Application programming interface","level":2,"score":0.6222134232521057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5844826698303223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.5054545402526855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.49081072211265564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.47859641909599304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.45853930711746216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.4162510633468628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.4020286798477173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.35825616121292114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/vlhcc.2019.8818681","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vlhcc.2019.8818681","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing (VL/HCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.44999998807907104}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1974307657","https://openalex.org/W1975976188","https://openalex.org/W1991613282","https://openalex.org/W2005992532","https://openalex.org/W2008107570","https://openalex.org/W2048627472","https://openalex.org/W2081070066","https://openalex.org/W2096061896","https://openalex.org/W2114315419","https://openalex.org/W2116304133","https://openalex.org/W2164803710","https://openalex.org/W2171955640","https://openalex.org/W2269907743","https://openalex.org/W2395092677","https://openalex.org/W2470712504","https://openalex.org/W2568247032","https://openalex.org/W2943701281","https://openalex.org/W3151410988"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2104270606","https://openalex.org/W2412397182","https://openalex.org/W4366968117","https://openalex.org/W1515631954","https://openalex.org/W4226232118","https://openalex.org/W2191065564","https://openalex.org/W2922130036","https://openalex.org/W4387666693","https://openalex.org/W4224225576","https://openalex.org/W22384488"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Almost":[0],"all":[1],"software":[2],"development":[3],"revolves":[4],"around":[5],"the":[6,24,31],"discovery":[7,128],"and":[8,39,56,81,114],"use":[9,42],"of":[10,26,122,129],"application":[11],"programming":[12],"interfaces":[13],"(APIs).":[14],"Once":[15],"a":[16,36,64,71,83,118],"suitable":[17],"API":[18,32,50,113,124],"is":[19,33,52],"selected,":[20],"programmers":[21,55],"must":[22],"begin":[23],"process":[25],"determining":[27],"what":[28],"functionality":[29,51],"in":[30,111,126],"relevant":[34,109],"to":[35,41,47,67,86,107,116],"programmer's":[37],"task":[38],"how":[40,49,88],"it.":[43],"Our":[44],"work":[45],"aims":[46],"understand":[48],"discovered":[53],"by":[54,76],"where":[57],"tooling":[58],"may":[59],"be":[60],"appropriate.":[61],"We":[62,94],"employed":[63],"mixed-methods":[65],"approach":[66],"investigate":[68],"Apache":[69],"Beam,":[70],"distributed":[72],"data":[73],"processing":[74],"API,":[75],"mining":[77],"Beam":[78],"client":[79],"code":[80],"running":[82],"lab":[84],"study":[85],"see":[87],"people":[89],"discover":[90],"Beam's":[91],"available":[92],"functionality.":[93],"found":[95],"that":[96],"programmers'":[97],"prior":[98],"experience":[99],"with":[100],"similar":[101],"APIs":[102],"significantly":[103],"impacted":[104],"their":[105],"ability":[106],"find":[108],"features":[110],"an":[112,123],"attempting":[115],"form":[117],"top-down":[119],"mental":[120],"model":[121],"resulted":[125],"less":[127],"features.":[130]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-03T08:25:01.440150","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
