{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2203736954","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vlhcc.2015.7357226","title":"Enabling independent learning of programming concepts through programming completion puzzles","display_name":"Enabling independent learning of programming concepts through programming completion puzzles","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2203736954","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vlhcc.2015.7357226","mag":"2203736954"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/vlhcc.2015.7357226","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vlhcc.2015.7357226","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing (VL/HCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075233062","display_name":"Kyle J. Harms","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9963-1029"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kyle J. Harms","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043652320","display_name":"Noah Rowlett","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Noah Rowlett","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042259261","display_name":"Caitlin Kelleher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9470-1478"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Caitlin Kelleher","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"271","last_page":"279"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10731","display_name":"Educational Games and Gamification","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10636","display_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7954710721969604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inductive-programming","display_name":"Inductive programming","score":0.6777337789535522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/procedural-programming","display_name":"Procedural programming","score":0.5679805874824524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-domain","display_name":"Programming domain","score":0.4903831481933594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/functional-reactive-programming","display_name":"Functional reactive programming","score":0.4784384071826935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extensible-programming","display_name":"Extensible programming","score":0.4757806360721588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reactive-programming","display_name":"Reactive programming","score":0.47295352816581726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formative-assessment","display_name":"Formative assessment","score":0.47188177704811096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-paradigm","display_name":"Programming paradigm","score":0.4623485803604126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pair-programming","display_name":"Pair programming","score":0.45708298683166504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-style","display_name":"Programming style","score":0.43577325344085693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.3940010368824005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3920840322971344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3423733115196228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.2591134011745453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.17851996421813965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.14849591255187988}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7954710721969604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50033165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15712089","display_name":"Inductive programming","level":3,"score":0.6777337789535522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120558287","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1418502","display_name":"Procedural programming","level":4,"score":0.5679805874824524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119263510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7248501","display_name":"Programming domain","level":4,"score":0.4903831481933594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119489759","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5508843","display_name":"Functional reactive programming","level":5,"score":0.4784384071826935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131531359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421926","display_name":"Extensible programming","level":5,"score":0.4757806360721588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150762246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4354073","display_name":"Reactive programming","level":4,"score":0.47295352816581726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42525527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1209955","display_name":"Formative assessment","level":2,"score":0.47188177704811096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34165917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188267","display_name":"Programming paradigm","level":2,"score":0.4623485803604126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174063052","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q607013","display_name":"Pair programming","level":4,"score":0.45708298683166504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776245389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q962139","display_name":"Programming style","level":2,"score":0.43577325344085693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.3940010368824005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3920840322971344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3423733115196228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.2591134011745453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.17851996421813965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.14849591255187988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/vlhcc.2015.7357226","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vlhcc.2015.7357226","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing (VL/HCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8500000238418579,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1502598800","https://openalex.org/W1553874469","https://openalex.org/W1567046784","https://openalex.org/W1572814947","https://openalex.org/W1573248988","https://openalex.org/W1577756317","https://openalex.org/W1580195166","https://openalex.org/W1964232366","https://openalex.org/W1980877068","https://openalex.org/W1980895458","https://openalex.org/W1981258610","https://openalex.org/W1988366361","https://openalex.org/W1993693161","https://openalex.org/W1995184732","https://openalex.org/W1996986259","https://openalex.org/W2002677052","https://openalex.org/W2010076961","https://openalex.org/W2025361093","https://openalex.org/W2028487549","https://openalex.org/W2029044878","https://openalex.org/W2057593084","https://openalex.org/W2062081178","https://openalex.org/W2062349080","https://openalex.org/W2067634864","https://openalex.org/W2069117635","https://openalex.org/W2074324022","https://openalex.org/W2081811286","https://openalex.org/W2082664493","https://openalex.org/W2092026779","https://openalex.org/W2100808978","https://openalex.org/W2100949523","https://openalex.org/W2119681300","https://openalex.org/W2133243088","https://openalex.org/W2135248415","https://openalex.org/W2142389575","https://openalex.org/W2167724517","https://openalex.org/W2203335496","https://openalex.org/W2216179955","https://openalex.org/W3099985166","https://openalex.org/W4206799648","https://openalex.org/W4237464814","https://openalex.org/W4241819366","https://openalex.org/W4244868732","https://openalex.org/W6630023956","https://openalex.org/W6632924245","https://openalex.org/W6633868171","https://openalex.org/W6634194253","https://openalex.org/W6634457493","https://openalex.org/W6634998778","https://openalex.org/W6688501105","https://openalex.org/W6807252339"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1996729481","https://openalex.org/W2394059015","https://openalex.org/W4248653691","https://openalex.org/W2434616665","https://openalex.org/W2159966597","https://openalex.org/W1943224404","https://openalex.org/W1988273104","https://openalex.org/W2382732767","https://openalex.org/W2625995067","https://openalex.org/W2038853506"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Many":[0],"novice":[1,9,75,122],"programming":[2,13,29,35,68,76,104,119,123],"environments":[3],"use":[4],"puzzle-like":[5],"approaches":[6],"to":[7,41,54,134,142],"help":[8],"programmers":[10],"acquire":[11],"new":[12],"skills":[14,30],"independently.":[15],"Yet,":[16],"little":[17],"is":[18],"known":[19],"about":[20],"1)":[21],"how":[22,33],"puzzles":[23,105,112],"can":[24],"support":[25],"effective":[26],"learning":[27,34,101,145],"of":[28,52,67,81,103],"and":[31,78,106],"2)":[32],"using":[36],"a":[37,43,50,74,82,95,114],"puzzle-based":[38],"approach":[39,116],"compares":[40],"more":[42],"traditional":[44],"tutorial":[45,135],"style":[46],"approach.":[47],"We":[48,91],"conducted":[49],"pair":[51],"studies":[53],"explore":[55],"these":[56],"two":[57],"questions.":[58],"First,":[59],"we":[60],"report":[61,93],"lessons":[62],"learned":[63],"on":[64,94,130],"the":[65,79,100,144],"design":[66,80],"completion":[69],"puzzles,":[70],"their":[71],"interface":[72],"within":[73,121],"environment,":[77],"puzzle":[83],"curriculum":[84],"drawn":[85],"from":[86],"our":[87],"first,":[88],"formative":[89],"study.":[90],"then":[92],"second":[96],"study":[97],"that":[98,111],"compared":[99,133],"effectiveness":[102],"tutorials.":[107],"The":[108],"results":[109],"suggest":[110],"are":[113],"promising":[115],"for":[117],"introducing":[118],"concepts":[120],"environments.":[124],"Puzzle":[125],"users":[126],"performed":[127],"26%":[128],"better":[129],"transfer":[131],"tasks":[132],"users,":[136],"while":[137],"taking":[138],"23%":[139],"less":[140],"time":[141],"complete":[143],"materials.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
