{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7117268616","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vl-hcc65237.2025.00018","title":"Spark: Real-Time Monitoring of Multi-Faceted Programming Exercises","display_name":"Spark: Real-Time Monitoring of Multi-Faceted Programming Exercises","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7117268616","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vl-hcc65237.2025.00018"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/vl-hcc65237.2025.00018","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vl-hcc65237.2025.00018","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing (VL/HCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121247782","display_name":"Yinuo Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107639228","display_name":"University of Notre Dame","ror":"https://ror.org/00mkhxb43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yinuo Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Notre Dame,College of Engineering,Notre Dame,IN,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Notre Dame,College of Engineering,Notre Dame,IN,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100326052","display_name":"Ge Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5978-3714"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ashley Ge Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan,School of Information,Ann Arbor,MI,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan,School of Information,Ann Arbor,MI,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069296306","display_name":"Steve Oney","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steve Oney","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan,School of Information,Ann Arbor,MI,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan,School of Information,Ann Arbor,MI,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046673805","display_name":"April Yi Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8724-4662"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"April Yi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["ETH Zurich,Department of Computer Science,Zurich,Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETH Zurich,Department of Computer Science,Zurich,Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5121247782"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.1341,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94175808,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"81","last_page":"92"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9761999845504761,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9761999845504761,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.006000000052154064,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13197","display_name":"Spreadsheets and End-User Computing","score":0.0026000000070780516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dashboard","display_name":"Dashboard","score":0.6444000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","score":0.5843999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spark","display_name":"SPARK (programming language)","score":0.5504999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct","display_name":"Construct (python library)","score":0.499099999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-by-demonstration","display_name":"Programming by demonstration","score":0.36239999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/keystroke-logging","display_name":"Keystroke logging","score":0.34950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.3158000111579895}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7415000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33499554","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1417134","display_name":"Dashboard","level":2,"score":0.6444000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.5843999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781215313","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3493345","display_name":"SPARK (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5504999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.499099999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.48559999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.3905999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779038628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7248497","display_name":"Programming by demonstration","level":3,"score":0.36239999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161615301","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309396","display_name":"Keystroke logging","level":2,"score":0.34950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3158000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.3034999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2937000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.2849999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128644962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q683111","display_name":"Visual programming language","level":2,"score":0.28299999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118643609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189210","display_name":"Web application","level":2,"score":0.27959999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.27959999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.2793999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171268870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1486676","display_name":"GRASP","level":2,"score":0.26420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.2538999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89992363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5961558","display_name":"Track (disk drive)","level":2,"score":0.2535000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172367668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6504956","display_name":"Data visualization","level":3,"score":0.25029999017715454}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/vl-hcc65237.2025.00018","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vl-hcc65237.2025.00018","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing (VL/HCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.22256","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.22256","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6924740076065063,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1963547174","https://openalex.org/W1972087783","https://openalex.org/W1984964495","https://openalex.org/W2007619285","https://openalex.org/W2049723329","https://openalex.org/W2076771354","https://openalex.org/W2099185267","https://openalex.org/W2101338329","https://openalex.org/W2102661934","https://openalex.org/W2106779500","https://openalex.org/W2125655203","https://openalex.org/W2127184512","https://openalex.org/W2127941671","https://openalex.org/W2134512579","https://openalex.org/W2138883052","https://openalex.org/W2139627310","https://openalex.org/W2173434715","https://openalex.org/W2299643279","https://openalex.org/W2579555219","https://openalex.org/W2605403059","https://openalex.org/W2765399661","https://openalex.org/W2796152490","https://openalex.org/W2809848290","https://openalex.org/W2920895949","https://openalex.org/W2940839813","https://openalex.org/W2983510454","https://openalex.org/W3029838198","https://openalex.org/W3030160601","https://openalex.org/W3134693248","https://openalex.org/W3163825514","https://openalex.org/W3205344510","https://openalex.org/W3207101663","https://openalex.org/W4224988986","https://openalex.org/W4224991060","https://openalex.org/W4235315268","https://openalex.org/W4283810689","https://openalex.org/W4363671822","https://openalex.org/W4365999148","https://openalex.org/W4366549240","https://openalex.org/W4366549868","https://openalex.org/W4366549944","https://openalex.org/W4388448484","https://openalex.org/W4396832255","https://openalex.org/W4396833177","https://openalex.org/W4396833608","https://openalex.org/W4399361983","https://openalex.org/W4400643326","https://openalex.org/W4414564778"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Monitoring":[0],"in-class":[1],"programming":[2,127,146],"exercises":[3,50,128],"can":[4,17],"help":[5],"instructors":[6,71,99],"identify":[7],"struggling":[8],"students":[9,48],"and":[10,88,129],"common":[11],"challenges.":[12,68],"However,":[13],"understanding":[14],"students\u2019":[15],"progress":[16,93],"be":[18],"prohibitively":[19],"difficult,":[20],"particularly":[21],"for":[22,85],"multi-faceted":[23],"problems":[24],"that":[25,41],"include":[26],"multiple":[27],"steps":[28],"with":[29,143],"complex":[30],"interdependencies,":[31],"have":[32],"no":[33],"predictable":[34],"completion":[35],"order,":[36],"or":[37],"involve":[38],"evaluation":[39,142],"criteria":[40],"are":[42],"difficult":[43],"to":[44,65,72,91,100],"summarize":[45],"across":[46,94],"many":[47],"(e.g.,":[49],"building":[51],"interactive":[52],"web-based":[53],"user":[54],"interfaces).":[55],"We":[56,110],"introduce":[57],"Spark,":[58],"a":[59,113,140],"coding":[60,119],"exercise":[61,80],"monitoring":[62],"dashboard":[63],"designed":[64],"address":[66],"these":[67,86],"Spark":[69,96,138],"allows":[70,98],"flexibly":[73],"group":[74],"substeps":[75],"into":[76,107,133],"checkpoints":[77],"based":[78],"on":[79],"requirements,":[81],"suggests":[82],"automated":[83],"tests":[84],"checkpoints,":[87],"generates":[89],"visualizations":[90],"track":[92],"steps.":[95],"also":[97,111],"inspect":[101],"intermediate":[102],"outputs,":[103],"providing":[104],"deeper":[105],"insights":[106,132],"solution":[108],"variations.":[109],"construct":[112],"dataset":[114],"of":[115,137],"40":[116],"-minute":[117],"keystroke":[118],"data":[120],"from":[121],"$\\mathrm{N}=22$":[122],"learners":[123],"solving":[124],"two":[125],"web":[126],"provide":[130],"empirical":[131],"the":[134],"perceived":[135],"usefulness":[136],"through":[139],"within-subjects":[141],"$\\mathbf{1":[144],"6}$":[145],"instructors.":[147],"Index":[148],"Terms-programming":[149],"education":[150]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-14T08:04:32.555800","created_date":"2025-12-25T00:00:00"}
