{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3210858091","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vl/hcc51201.2021.9576236","title":"Gradual Programming in Hedy: A First User Study","display_name":"Gradual Programming in Hedy: A First User Study","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3210858091","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vl/hcc51201.2021.9576236","mag":"3210858091"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/vl/hcc51201.2021.9576236","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vl/hcc51201.2021.9576236","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing (VL/HCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065293712","display_name":"Marleen Gilsing","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marleen Gilsing","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science (LIACS),Leiden,the Netherlands","Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science (LIACS), Leiden, the Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science (LIACS),Leiden,the Netherlands","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science (LIACS), Leiden, the Netherlands","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034150823","display_name":"Felienne Hermans","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0722-0156"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Felienne Hermans","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science (LIACS),Leiden,the Netherlands","Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science (LIACS), Leiden, the Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science (LIACS),Leiden,the Netherlands","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science (LIACS), Leiden, the Netherlands","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065293712"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.406,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84986435,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12060","display_name":"Child Development and Digital Technology","score":0.9524999856948853,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9322999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/syntax","display_name":"Syntax","score":0.8744838237762451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/syntax-error","display_name":"Syntax error","score":0.8412096500396729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.822242021560669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.49327582120895386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.4767480790615082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.449182391166687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.4394931495189667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4097006916999817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abstract-syntax","display_name":"Abstract syntax","score":0.3556402623653412}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60048249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37437","display_name":"Syntax","level":2,"score":0.8744838237762451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11742125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1195374","display_name":"Syntax error","level":4,"score":0.8412096500396729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.822242021560669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.49327582120895386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4767480790615082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.449182391166687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4394931495189667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4097006916999817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114408938","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333373","display_name":"Abstract syntax","level":3,"score":0.3556402623653412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/vl/hcc51201.2021.9576236","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vl/hcc51201.2021.9576236","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing (VL/HCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8799999952316284}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W79441360","https://openalex.org/W1545003070","https://openalex.org/W1572843933","https://openalex.org/W1728168120","https://openalex.org/W1815090327","https://openalex.org/W1971916043","https://openalex.org/W2003928905","https://openalex.org/W2038553530","https://openalex.org/W2048083627","https://openalex.org/W2050544486","https://openalex.org/W2065364955","https://openalex.org/W2079166885","https://openalex.org/W2084944215","https://openalex.org/W2092969723","https://openalex.org/W2145124323","https://openalex.org/W2145373440","https://openalex.org/W2157148654","https://openalex.org/W2424733219","https://openalex.org/W2469877382","https://openalex.org/W2529275414","https://openalex.org/W2617813225","https://openalex.org/W2739751023","https://openalex.org/W2800615817","https://openalex.org/W2884833178","https://openalex.org/W2917698831","https://openalex.org/W2917832356","https://openalex.org/W2943410156","https://openalex.org/W2950504429","https://openalex.org/W2998011150","https://openalex.org/W3041591321","https://openalex.org/W3048004031","https://openalex.org/W3138942564","https://openalex.org/W4231241365","https://openalex.org/W4295595441","https://openalex.org/W4297874589","https://openalex.org/W6717350322"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2613250302","https://openalex.org/W1988370859","https://openalex.org/W2005927140","https://openalex.org/W1530314747","https://openalex.org/W2051208666","https://openalex.org/W2387926336","https://openalex.org/W2077104824","https://openalex.org/W4294189394","https://openalex.org/W928469372","https://openalex.org/W26177658"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recently":[0],"the":[1,11,31,43,76,82,95,108,112,136,155,178],"\u2018gradual":[2],"programming\u2019":[3],"approach":[4,134],"was":[5],"introduced,":[6],"which":[7],"proposes":[8],"to":[9,34,80,103,110,154,166,177],"lower":[10],"syntax":[12,149,167],"barrier":[13],"by":[14,75,161,169,174],"starting":[15],"with":[16,49],"a":[17,36,70,86,132,151],"very":[18],"simple":[19],"language,":[20],"and":[21,26,39,55,69,105,120,144,147,173],"gradually":[22],"adding":[23],"both":[24],"concepts":[25],"refining":[27],"syntax.":[28],"Hedy":[29,48,101,115,163],"is":[30],"first":[32,44],"language":[33,180],"implement":[35],"gradual":[37,87,96,133],"approach,":[38],"this":[40],"paper":[41],"presents":[42],"user":[45],"study":[46],"on":[47,66],"39":[50],"children":[51,93],"between":[52],"age":[53,56],"11":[54],"14":[57],"who":[58],"followed":[59],"online":[60],"lessons":[61],"for":[62],"six":[63],"weeks.":[64],"Based":[65],"lesson":[67],"observations":[68],"written":[71],"survey":[72],"filled":[73],"out":[74],"participants,":[77,156],"we":[78],"aim":[79],"understand":[81],"impact":[83],"of":[84,98,114,131,181],"using":[85],"language.":[88],"Our":[89],"findings":[90],"show":[91],"that":[92,138],"appreciate":[94,107],"nature":[97],"Hedy,":[99],"find":[100],"easy":[102],"learn":[104],"especially":[106],"power":[109],"control":[111],"difficulty":[113],"themselves.":[116],"They":[117],"also":[118],"like":[119,126],"frequently":[121],"use":[122],"built-in":[123],"education":[124],"features":[125],"example":[127],"code":[128],"snippets.":[129],"Challenges":[130],"are":[135],"fact":[137],"commands":[139,146],"sometimes":[140],"change":[141],"or":[142],"overlap,":[143],"remembering":[145],"specific":[148],"remain":[150],"challenge.":[152],"According":[153],"improvements":[157],"could":[158],"be":[159],"made":[160],"making":[162],"less":[164],"sensitive":[165],"errors,":[168],"improving":[170],"error":[171],"messages":[172],"localizing":[175],"keywords":[176],"native":[179],"children.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
