{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3210187978","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vl/hcc51201.2021.9576163","title":"Designing a Visual Interface for Elementary Students to Formulate AI Planning Tasks","display_name":"Designing a Visual Interface for Elementary Students to Formulate AI Planning Tasks","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3210187978","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vl/hcc51201.2021.9576163","mag":"3210187978"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/vl/hcc51201.2021.9576163","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vl/hcc51201.2021.9576163","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing (VL/HCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053665773","display_name":"Kyungjin Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6912-4752"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kyungjin Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina State University Raleign,North Carolina,USA","North Carolina State University Raleign, North Carolina, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University Raleign,North Carolina,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University Raleign, North Carolina, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089705996","display_name":"Bradford Mott","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3303-4699"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bradford Mott","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina State University Raleign,North Carolina,USA","North Carolina State University Raleign, North Carolina, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University Raleign,North Carolina,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University Raleign, North Carolina, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043698684","display_name":"Seung Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7782-2331"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seung Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina State University Raleign,North Carolina,USA","North Carolina State University Raleign, North Carolina, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University Raleign,North Carolina,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University Raleign, North Carolina, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053439159","display_name":"Krista Glazewski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3412-4218"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119109","display_name":"Indiana University Bloomington","ror":"https://ror.org/02k40bc56","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109","https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Krista Glazewski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indiana University,Bloomington,Indiana,USA","Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indiana University,Bloomington,Indiana,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022826689","display_name":"J. Adam Scribner","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119109","display_name":"Indiana University Bloomington","ror":"https://ror.org/02k40bc56","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109","https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Adam Scribner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indiana University,Bloomington,Indiana,USA","Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indiana University,Bloomington,Indiana,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061949003","display_name":"Anne Ottenbreit\u2010Leftwich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4055-314X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119109","display_name":"Indiana University Bloomington","ror":"https://ror.org/02k40bc56","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109","https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anne Ottenbreit-Leftwich","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indiana University,Bloomington,Indiana,USA","Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indiana University,Bloomington,Indiana,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067949412","display_name":"Cindy E. Hmelo\u2010Silver","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2275-5212"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119109","display_name":"Indiana University Bloomington","ror":"https://ror.org/02k40bc56","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109","https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cindy E. Hmelo-Silver","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indiana University,Bloomington,Indiana,USA","Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indiana University,Bloomington,Indiana,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074470380","display_name":"James C. Lester","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1481-6601"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James Lester","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina State University Raleign,North Carolina,USA","North Carolina State University Raleign, North Carolina, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University Raleign,North Carolina,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University Raleign, North Carolina, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5053665773"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.3434,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90010852,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10731","display_name":"Educational Games and Gamification","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.986299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6812852621078491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.6179686188697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"Usability","score":0.5344658493995667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct","display_name":"Construct (python library)","score":0.5118869543075562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.5089282989501953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.4900154173374176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/narrative","display_name":"Narrative","score":0.4417092204093933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4299430549144745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.33236879110336304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.3294698894023895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.13155299425125122}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6812852621078491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.6179686188697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.5344658493995667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.5118869543075562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5089282989501953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4900154173374176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199033989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318295","display_name":"Narrative","level":2,"score":0.4417092204093933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4299430549144745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.33236879110336304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.3294698894023895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.13155299425125122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157915830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2928001","display_name":"Bubble","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129307140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795880","display_name":"Maximum bubble pressure method","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/vl/hcc51201.2021.9576163","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vl/hcc51201.2021.9576163","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing (VL/HCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.5699999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6219673689","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DRL-1934153,DRL-1934128","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1764940206","https://openalex.org/W1980850924","https://openalex.org/W1990060255","https://openalex.org/W2009390016","https://openalex.org/W2017931558","https://openalex.org/W2084944215","https://openalex.org/W2099460238","https://openalex.org/W2122410182","https://openalex.org/W2318903536","https://openalex.org/W2535073923","https://openalex.org/W2747208634","https://openalex.org/W2769067494","https://openalex.org/W2772029069","https://openalex.org/W2776393547","https://openalex.org/W2791637253","https://openalex.org/W2898611861","https://openalex.org/W2899042230","https://openalex.org/W2915842190","https://openalex.org/W2945508796","https://openalex.org/W2950948599","https://openalex.org/W2972853064","https://openalex.org/W2973636697","https://openalex.org/W2974206314","https://openalex.org/W2978734815","https://openalex.org/W2989637155","https://openalex.org/W2998494140","https://openalex.org/W2998553081","https://openalex.org/W3014385683","https://openalex.org/W3015330423","https://openalex.org/W3029022390","https://openalex.org/W3030508559","https://openalex.org/W3034531377","https://openalex.org/W3035639004","https://openalex.org/W3095302116","https://openalex.org/W3096306966","https://openalex.org/W3121028257","https://openalex.org/W3135777491","https://openalex.org/W3175534351","https://openalex.org/W3177193380","https://openalex.org/W4211033381","https://openalex.org/W4292952947","https://openalex.org/W6638135406","https://openalex.org/W6743187423","https://openalex.org/W6768546293","https://openalex.org/W6788809195","https://openalex.org/W6791338928","https://openalex.org/W6797138011","https://openalex.org/W6797855382"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2366107444","https://openalex.org/W2187546663","https://openalex.org/W148745890","https://openalex.org/W2899790217","https://openalex.org/W2429057255","https://openalex.org/W1576092969","https://openalex.org/W4315621326","https://openalex.org/W2598865957","https://openalex.org/W2524154428","https://openalex.org/W2959940981"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"years":[1],"have":[2,89],"seen":[3],"the":[4,69,146,153,181,187,197,206],"rapid":[5],"adoption":[6],"of":[7,14,18,60,71,77,87,176],"artificial":[8],"intelligence":[9],"(AI)":[10],"in":[11,63],"every":[12],"facet":[13],"society.":[15],"The":[16],"ubiquity":[17],"AI":[19,28,38,52,54,61,92,107,132,154,211],"has":[20,99],"led":[21],"to":[22,26,46,74,79,110,121,130,144,209],"an":[23,57,65],"increasing":[24],"demand":[25],"integrate":[27],"learning":[29,35,108,138,192],"experiences":[30,36,109],"into":[31],"K-12":[32,95],"education.":[33],"Early":[34],"incorporating":[37],"concepts":[39],"and":[40,50,102,199],"practices":[41],"are":[42,157],"critical":[43],"for":[44,94,105],"students":[45,125,179,202],"better":[47],"understand,":[48],"evaluate,":[49],"utilize":[51],"technologies.":[53],"planning":[55,133,155,212],"is":[56],"important":[58],"class":[59],"technologies":[62],"which":[64],"AI-driven":[66],"agent":[67],"utilizes":[68],"structure":[70],"a":[72,81,84,118,136,164,173],"problem":[73],"construct":[75],"plans":[76],"actions":[78],"perform":[80],"task.":[82],"Although":[83],"growing":[85],"number":[86],"efforts":[88],"explored":[90],"promoting":[91],"education":[93],"learners,":[96],"limited":[97],"work":[98],"investigated":[100],"effective":[101],"engaging":[103],"approaches":[104],"delivering":[106],"elementary":[111,124,178],"students.":[112],"In":[113],"this":[114],"paper,":[115],"we":[116,169],"propose":[117],"visual":[119,147,182,207],"interface":[120,148,208],"enable":[122],"upper":[123,177],"(grades":[126],"3\u20135,":[127],"ages":[128],"8\u201311)":[129],"formulate":[131,210],"tasks":[134,156],"within":[135,159],"game-based":[137],"environment.":[139],"We":[140,184],"present":[141,170],"our":[142],"approach":[143,189],"designing":[145],"as":[149,151,193,195],"well":[150,194],"how":[152,186],"embedded":[158],"narrative-centered":[160],"gameplay":[161],"structured":[162],"around":[163],"Use-Modify-Create":[165,188],"scaffolding":[166],"progression.":[167],"Further,":[168],"results":[171],"from":[172],"qualitative":[174],"study":[175],"using":[180,205],"interface.":[183],"discuss":[185,196],"supported":[190],"student":[191],"misconceptions":[198],"usability":[200],"issues":[201],"encountered":[203],"while":[204],"tasks.":[213]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}