{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3217037605","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vis49827.2021.9623285","title":"VAINE: Visualization and AI for Natural Experiments","display_name":"VAINE: Visualization and AI for Natural Experiments","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3217037605","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vis49827.2021.9623285","mag":"3217037605"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/vis49827.2021.9623285","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vis49827.2021.9623285","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE Visualization Conference (VIS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063966157","display_name":"Grace Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8733-6268"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Grace Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Institute of Technology"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081077845","display_name":"Maria Glenski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7064-9476"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142606810","display_name":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/05h992307","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325736334","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I142606810","https://openalex.org/I39565521"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria Glenski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratories"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratories","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142606810"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086934053","display_name":"ZhuanYi Shaw","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142606810","display_name":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/05h992307","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325736334","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I142606810","https://openalex.org/I39565521"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"ZhuanYi Shaw","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratories"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratories","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142606810"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057799694","display_name":"Emily Saldanha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8621-674X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142606810","display_name":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/05h992307","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325736334","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I142606810","https://openalex.org/I39565521"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emily Saldanha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratories"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratories","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142606810"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064306421","display_name":"Alex Endert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6914-610X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alex Endert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Institute of Technology"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102996367","display_name":"Svitlana Volkova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6131-3073"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142606810","display_name":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/05h992307","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325736334","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I142606810","https://openalex.org/I39565521"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Svitlana Volkova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratories"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratories","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142606810"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035437939","display_name":"Dustin Arendt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2466-199X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142606810","display_name":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/05h992307","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325736334","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I142606810","https://openalex.org/I39565521"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dustin Arendt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratories"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratories","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142606810"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5063966157"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1827,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81634732,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"21","last_page":"25"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":0.9919999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":0.9919999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10315","display_name":"Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics","score":0.9749000072479248,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1800","display_name":"General Decision Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11674","display_name":"Sports Analytics and Performance","score":0.95660001039505,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.7454092502593994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/observational-study","display_name":"Observational study","score":0.7125247120857239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.7022321820259094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6531091928482056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-analytics","display_name":"Visual analytics","score":0.5998562574386597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","score":0.5683032870292664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.5630187392234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-inference","display_name":"Causal inference","score":0.5531411170959473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-visualization","display_name":"Data visualization","score":0.5165799856185913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outcome","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","score":0.4890969395637512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/analytics","display_name":"Analytics","score":0.4779127538204193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-experiment","display_name":"Natural experiment","score":0.4437543749809265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/econometrics","display_name":"Econometrics","score":0.44276660680770874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.41438013315200806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-hypothesis-testing","display_name":"Statistical hypothesis testing","score":0.41324126720428467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4066065549850464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3244301676750183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.29309356212615967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1494576632976532}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.7454092502593994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23131810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q818574","display_name":"Observational study","level":2,"score":0.7125247120857239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.7022321820259094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6531091928482056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59732488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2528440","display_name":"Visual analytics","level":3,"score":0.5998562574386597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5683032870292664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.5630187392234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158600405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054566","display_name":"Causal inference","level":2,"score":0.5531411170959473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172367668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6504956","display_name":"Data visualization","level":3,"score":0.5165799856185913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148220186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7111912","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","level":2,"score":0.4890969395637512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79158427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485396","display_name":"Analytics","level":2,"score":0.4779127538204193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49630185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6980675","display_name":"Natural experiment","level":2,"score":0.4437543749809265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.44276660680770874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.41438013315200806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87007009","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210832","display_name":"Statistical hypothesis testing","level":2,"score":0.41324126720428467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4066065549850464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3244301676750183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.29309356212615967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1494576632976532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/vis49827.2021.9623285","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vis49827.2021.9623285","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE Visualization Conference (VIS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W55101911","https://openalex.org/W1556373840","https://openalex.org/W1893161884","https://openalex.org/W1964285328","https://openalex.org/W1992743299","https://openalex.org/W2018116907","https://openalex.org/W2040081958","https://openalex.org/W2110202581","https://openalex.org/W2116153763","https://openalex.org/W2149084727","https://openalex.org/W2256120588","https://openalex.org/W2502773048","https://openalex.org/W2728678699","https://openalex.org/W2786672974","https://openalex.org/W2923421605","https://openalex.org/W3009872610","https://openalex.org/W3091825402","https://openalex.org/W3120740533","https://openalex.org/W4240884942","https://openalex.org/W6602157443","https://openalex.org/W6633429483","https://openalex.org/W6662852500","https://openalex.org/W6748816842","https://openalex.org/W6783351733"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3149127250","https://openalex.org/W2158984754","https://openalex.org/W2080934634","https://openalex.org/W2143428259","https://openalex.org/W348707231","https://openalex.org/W2081749267","https://openalex.org/W2112083262","https://openalex.org/W4378086562","https://openalex.org/W2056189874","https://openalex.org/W2013467770"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Natural":[0,64],"experiments":[1,32,75],"are":[2],"observational":[3,77],"studies":[4],"where":[5],"the":[6,17,27],"assignment":[7],"of":[8],"treatment":[9,42,93],"conditions":[10],"to":[11,33,87],"different":[12],"populations":[13],"occurs":[14],"by":[15],"chance\u201cin":[16],"wild\u201d.":[18],"Researchers":[19],"from":[20,76],"fields":[21],"such":[22,99],"as":[23,100],"economics,":[24],"healthcare,":[25],"and":[26,37,43,61,72,95],"social":[28],"sciences":[29],"leverage":[30],"natural":[31,74],"conduct":[34],"hypothesis":[35],"testing":[36],"causal":[38,89],"effect":[39],"estimation":[40],"for":[41,63,70],"outcome":[44],"variables":[45],"that":[46],"would":[47],"otherwise":[48],"be":[49,85],"costly,":[50],"infeasible,":[51],"or":[52],"unethical.":[53],"In":[54],"this":[55],"paper,":[56],"we":[57],"introduce":[58],"VAINE":[59,83],"(Visualization":[60],"AI":[62],"Experiments),":[65],"a":[66],"visual":[67],"analytics":[68],"tool":[69],"identifying":[71],"understanding":[73],"data.":[78],"We":[79],"then":[80],"demonstrate":[81],"how":[82],"can":[84],"used":[86],"validate":[88],"relationships,":[90],"estimate":[91],"average":[92],"effects,":[94],"identify":[96],"statistical":[97],"phenomena":[98],"Simpson\u2019s":[101],"paradox":[102],"through":[103],"two":[104],"usage":[105],"scenarios.":[106]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-28T08:17:26.163206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
