{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2138715224","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vetecs.2009.5073815","title":"Predicting Small-Scale Fading Distributions with Finite-Difference Methods in Indoor-to-Outdoor Scenarios","display_name":"Predicting Small-Scale Fading Distributions with Finite-Difference Methods in Indoor-to-Outdoor Scenarios","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2138715224","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vetecs.2009.5073815","mag":"2138715224"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/vetecs.2009.5073815","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vetecs.2009.5073815","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"VTC Spring 2009 - IEEE 69th Vehicular Technology Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040695859","display_name":"\u00c1lvaro Valcarce","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0400-3228"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I147554453","display_name":"University of Bedfordshire","ror":"https://ror.org/0400avk24","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I147554453"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alvaro Valcarce","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre of Wireless Network Design (CWiND), University of Bedfordshire, Luton, Bedfordshire, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre of Wireless Network Design (CWiND), University of Bedfordshire, Luton, Bedfordshire, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I147554453"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100739513","display_name":"David L\u00f3pez\u2010P\u00e9rez","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I147554453","display_name":"University of Bedfordshire","ror":"https://ror.org/0400avk24","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I147554453"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Lopez-Perez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre of Wireless Network Design (CWiND), University of Bedfordshire, Luton, Bedfordshire, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre of Wireless Network Design (CWiND), University of Bedfordshire, Luton, Bedfordshire, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I147554453"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Guillaume De La Roche","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I147554453","display_name":"University of Bedfordshire","ror":"https://ror.org/0400avk24","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I147554453"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guillaume De La Roche","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre of Wireless Network Design (CWiND), University of Bedfordshire, Luton, Bedfordshire, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre of Wireless Network Design (CWiND), University of Bedfordshire, Luton, Bedfordshire, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I147554453"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100436731","display_name":"Jie Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3354-0690"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I147554453","display_name":"University of Bedfordshire","ror":"https://ror.org/0400avk24","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I147554453"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre of Wireless Network Design (CWiND), University of Bedfordshire, Luton, Bedfordshire, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre of Wireless Network Design (CWiND), University of Bedfordshire, Luton, Bedfordshire, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I147554453"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I147554453"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"220","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12146","display_name":"Power Line Communications and Noise","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fading","display_name":"Fading","score":0.9158987998962402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multipath-propagation","display_name":"Multipath propagation","score":0.7502147555351257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6332062482833862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finite-difference-time-domain-method","display_name":"Finite-difference time-domain method","score":0.6275328993797302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fading-distribution","display_name":"Fading distribution","score":0.5724165439605713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-propagation","display_name":"Radio propagation","score":0.5126497149467468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4628315269947052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.4567308723926544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finite-difference-method","display_name":"Finite difference method","score":0.41967862844467163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3675646483898163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.32910972833633423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.20726951956748962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.17780554294586182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.16736066341400146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.1213657557964325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rayleigh-fading","display_name":"Rayleigh fading","score":0.1111983060836792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.09572076797485352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.0907982885837555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.07828739285469055}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81978471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1196572","display_name":"Fading","level":3,"score":0.9158987998962402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161218011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11827794","display_name":"Multipath propagation","level":3,"score":0.7502147555351257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6332062482833862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184880428","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1417308","display_name":"Finite-difference time-domain method","level":2,"score":0.6275328993797302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161126049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5429266","display_name":"Fading distribution","level":5,"score":0.5724165439605713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202311505","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1474701","display_name":"Radio propagation","level":2,"score":0.5126497149467468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4628315269947052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.4567308723926544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205951836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1147751","display_name":"Finite difference method","level":2,"score":0.41967862844467163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3675646483898163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.32910972833633423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.20726951956748962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.17780554294586182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.16736066341400146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.1213657557964325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56985126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q854039","display_name":"Rayleigh fading","level":4,"score":0.1111983060836792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09572076797485352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0907982885837555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.07828739285469055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/vetecs.2009.5073815","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vetecs.2009.5073815","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"VTC Spring 2009 - IEEE 69th Vehicular Technology Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.6499999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W84481464","https://openalex.org/W204885769","https://openalex.org/W306031100","https://openalex.org/W1557486844","https://openalex.org/W1570895503","https://openalex.org/W1981067743","https://openalex.org/W2000323792","https://openalex.org/W2004079865","https://openalex.org/W2024060531","https://openalex.org/W2090843874","https://openalex.org/W2113952909","https://openalex.org/W2123847103","https://openalex.org/W2134569916","https://openalex.org/W2137947072","https://openalex.org/W2151506308","https://openalex.org/W2161190959","https://openalex.org/W2163288162","https://openalex.org/W4236706032","https://openalex.org/W4300503778","https://openalex.org/W6682294879"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2026721846","https://openalex.org/W2164783393","https://openalex.org/W2376969857","https://openalex.org/W2111391262","https://openalex.org/W1726839885","https://openalex.org/W2107810879","https://openalex.org/W207732638","https://openalex.org/W1535855622","https://openalex.org/W4252788403","https://openalex.org/W1985266503"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Finite-difference":[0],"electromagnetic":[1,56],"methods":[2],"have":[3],"been":[4,65],"used":[5],"for":[6],"the":[7,23,33,43,77,82,97],"deterministic":[8],"prediction":[9,103],"of":[10,36,54,70,79,100],"radio":[11],"coverage":[12],"in":[13,73,91,109],"cellular":[14],"networks.":[15],"This":[16],"paper":[17],"introduces":[18],"an":[19],"approach":[20,104],"that":[21],"exploits":[22],"spatial":[24],"power":[25],"distribution":[26],"obtained":[27],"from":[28],"these":[29],"techniques":[30],"to":[31,39,49,75],"characterize":[32],"random":[34],"variations":[35],"fading":[37,84,102],"due":[38],"multipath":[40],"propagation.":[41],"Although":[42],"presented":[44],"method":[45],"is":[46,105],"equally":[47],"applicable":[48],"any":[50],"finite-difference":[51],"algorithm":[52],"able":[53],"computing":[55],"field":[57],"patterns":[58],"(e.g.":[59],"PSTD,":[60],"ParFlow,":[61],"...),":[62],"it":[63],"has":[64],"exemplified":[66],"here":[67],"by":[68],"means":[69],"FDTD.":[71],"Furthermore,":[72],"order":[74],"test":[76],"reliability":[78],"this":[80,101],"approach,":[81],"predicted":[83],"distributions":[85],"are":[86],"compared":[87],"against":[88],"real":[89],"measurements":[90],"a":[92,110],"residential":[93],"indoor-to-outdoor":[94],"scenario.":[95],"Finally,":[96],"practical":[98],"usability":[99],"tested":[106],"throughout":[107],"implementation":[108],"WiMAX":[111],"femtocells":[112],"system-level":[113],"simulator.":[114]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-21T08:15:58.654021","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
