{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2118417025","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vetecs.2009.5073601","title":"Indoor Propagation Effects on ToA Bias for Joint GNSS and Terrestrial Radio Based Localization","display_name":"Indoor Propagation Effects on ToA Bias for Joint GNSS and Terrestrial Radio Based Localization","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2118417025","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vetecs.2009.5073601","mag":"2118417025"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/vetecs.2009.5073601","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vetecs.2009.5073601","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"VTC Spring 2009 - IEEE 69th Vehicular Technology Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100723258","display_name":"Wei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6941-2236"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["German AeroSpace Center (DLR), Institute of Communications and Navigation, Wessling, Germany","Inst. of Commun. & Navig, German Aerosp. Center (DLR), Wessling"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"German AeroSpace Center (DLR), Institute of Communications and Navigation, Wessling, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inst. of Commun. & Navig, German Aerosp. Center (DLR), Wessling","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046136868","display_name":"Thomas Jost","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1413-5427"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Jost","raw_affiliation_strings":["German AeroSpace Center (DLR), Institute of Communications and Navigation, Wessling, Germany","Inst. of Commun. & Navig, German Aerosp. Center (DLR), Wessling"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"German AeroSpace Center (DLR), Institute of Communications and Navigation, Wessling, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inst. of Commun. & Navig, German Aerosp. Center (DLR), Wessling","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031920297","display_name":"Christian Mensing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4719-022X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Mensing","raw_affiliation_strings":["German AeroSpace Center (DLR), Institute of Communications and Navigation, Wessling, Germany","Inst. of Commun. & Navig, German Aerosp. Center (DLR), Wessling"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"German AeroSpace Center (DLR), Institute of Communications and Navigation, Wessling, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inst. of Commun. & Navig, German Aerosp. Center (DLR), Wessling","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065011089","display_name":"Armin Dammann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7112-1833"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Armin Dammann","raw_affiliation_strings":["German AeroSpace Center (DLR), Institute of Communications and Navigation, Wessling, Germany","Inst. of Commun. & Navig, German Aerosp. Center (DLR), Wessling"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"German AeroSpace Center (DLR), Institute of Communications and Navigation, Wessling, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inst. of Commun. & Navig, German Aerosp. Center (DLR), Wessling","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042450214","display_name":"Kassem Fawaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4609-7691"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kassem Fawaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["German AeroSpace Center (DLR), Institute of Communications and Navigation, Wessling, Germany","Inst. of Commun. & Navig, German Aerosp. Center (DLR), Wessling"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"German AeroSpace Center (DLR), Institute of Communications and Navigation, Wessling, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inst. of Commun. & Navig, German Aerosp. Center (DLR), Wessling","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100723258"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.13906297,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"163","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13121","display_name":"Radio Wave Propagation Studies","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.8905287981033325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6886111497879028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.5847432017326355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/joint","display_name":"Joint (building)","score":0.5322784185409546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5262153148651123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.4966040253639221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-system","display_name":"Satellite system","score":0.4683862030506134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4143363833427429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-of-arrival","display_name":"Time of arrival","score":0.4139416515827179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3915499746799469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.26905205845832825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.26270514726638794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.20709896087646484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12934082746505737}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.8905287981033325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6886111497879028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.5847432017326355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18555067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8375051","display_name":"Joint (building)","level":2,"score":0.5322784185409546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5262153148651123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.4966040253639221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778027091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25346003","display_name":"Satellite system","level":4,"score":0.4683862030506134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4143363833427429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163150518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4135208","display_name":"Time of arrival","level":3,"score":0.4139416515827179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3915499746799469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.26905205845832825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.26270514726638794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.20709896087646484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12934082746505737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170154142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150737","display_name":"Architectural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/vetecs.2009.5073601","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vetecs.2009.5073601","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"VTC Spring 2009 - IEEE 69th Vehicular Technology Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8399999737739563,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321602","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W15947238","https://openalex.org/W22675021","https://openalex.org/W1994641974","https://openalex.org/W2108294956","https://openalex.org/W2129905273","https://openalex.org/W2145417574","https://openalex.org/W2160322144","https://openalex.org/W2163363194","https://openalex.org/W4233014035","https://openalex.org/W6600927264"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2606296569","https://openalex.org/W2375040471","https://openalex.org/W2068158190","https://openalex.org/W2916802843","https://openalex.org/W2064660797","https://openalex.org/W4387714868","https://openalex.org/W2071552392","https://openalex.org/W20579766","https://openalex.org/W2601478304","https://openalex.org/W4396749081"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"time":[1],"based":[2,65],"localization":[3,66,105],"utilizing":[4],"cellular":[5,44],"communication":[6],"networks":[7],"has":[8,69],"been":[9,71],"investigated":[10],"as":[11,67,106],"a":[12,75],"complementation":[13],"to":[14,99,113,152],"Global":[15],"Navigation":[16],"Satellite":[17],"Systems":[18],"(GNSS)":[19],"for":[20,58,78,102],"critical":[21],"scenarios,":[22],"like":[23],"indoor":[24,100],"or":[25],"urban":[26],"canyon":[27],"areas.":[28],"By":[29],"suitable":[30],"Hybrid":[31],"Data":[32],"Fusion":[33],"(HDF)":[34],"algorithms":[35],"which":[36,122],"combine":[37],"the":[38,46,54,97,103,116,124,127,131,135,142,150,153],"information":[39],"from":[40,149],"GNSS":[41,60,79],"and":[42,61,83,130],"terrestrial":[43,62,84],"networks,":[45],"estimated":[47],"position":[48],"accuracy":[49],"can":[50],"be":[51,114],"improved.":[52],"However,":[53],"wave":[55],"propagation":[56],"characteristics":[57],"joint":[59,104],"mobile":[63],"radio":[64,85],"application":[68,107],"not":[70],"studied":[72],"yet.":[73],"Therefore,":[74],"measurement":[76],"campaign":[77],"at":[80,86],"1.51":[81],"GHz":[82,88],"5.2":[87],"was":[89],"performed.":[90],"In":[91],"this":[92],"paper,":[93],"an":[94],"analysis":[95],"of":[96,118,145],"outdoor":[98],"channel":[101],"is":[108,123,139,161],"presented.":[109],"It":[110],"turns":[111],"out":[112],"that":[115],"Time":[117],"Arrival":[119],"(ToA)":[120],"bias,":[121],"difference":[125],"between":[126,157],"geometric":[128],"distance":[129,132],"propagated":[133],"by":[134],"first":[136],"incoming":[137,146],"wave,":[138],"depending":[140],"on":[141],"elevation":[143],"angle":[144],"rays":[147],"seen":[148],"building":[151],"transmitter.":[154],"A":[155],"comparison":[156],"two":[158],"carrier":[159],"frequencies":[160],"addressed.":[162]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
