{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1998232595","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vetecf.2011.6093041","title":"Kullback-Leibler Divergence (KLD) Based Anomaly Detection and Monotonic Sequence Analysis","display_name":"Kullback-Leibler Divergence (KLD) Based Anomaly Detection and Monotonic Sequence Analysis","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1998232595","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vetecf.2011.6093041","mag":"1998232595"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/vetecf.2011.6093041","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vetecf.2011.6093041","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Fall)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109132569","display_name":"Alan Anderson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alan Anderson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Digital Communications, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK","Inst. for Digital Commun., Univ. of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Digital Communications, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inst. for Digital Commun., Univ. of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074320996","display_name":"Harald Haas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9705-2701"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Harald Haas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Digital Communications, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK","Inst. for Digital Commun., Univ. of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Digital Communications, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inst. for Digital Commun., Univ. of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5109132569"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1005,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87133697,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10579","display_name":"Cognitive Radio Networks and Spectrum Sensing","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10579","display_name":"Cognitive Radio Networks and Spectrum Sensing","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monotonic-function","display_name":"Monotonic function","score":0.8621573448181152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/divergence","display_name":"Divergence (linguistics)","score":0.8283699750900269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.6700780391693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kullback\u2013leibler-divergence","display_name":"Kullback\u2013Leibler divergence","score":0.6393042802810669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.6286449432373047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly","display_name":"Anomaly (physics)","score":0.597069501876831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5657880306243896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/core","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","score":0.5561797022819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequence","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","score":0.5478432774543762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.5207050442695618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-radio","display_name":"Cognitive radio","score":0.4448000490665436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.44044598937034607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3747037649154663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3385457396507263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.26169872283935547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.24434539675712585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2123607099056244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.14694973826408386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13570037484169006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.07850170135498047}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72169020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194404","display_name":"Monotonic function","level":2,"score":0.8621573448181152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207390915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230525","display_name":"Divergence (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.8283699750900269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.6700780391693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171752962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q255166","display_name":"Kullback\u2013Leibler divergence","level":2,"score":0.6393042802810669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.6286449432373047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12997251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q567560","display_name":"Anomaly (physics)","level":2,"score":0.597069501876831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5657880306243896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2164484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5170150","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","level":2,"score":0.5561797022819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5478432774543762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.5207050442695618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149946192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3235733","display_name":"Cognitive radio","level":3,"score":0.4448000490665436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.44044598937034607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3747037649154663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3385457396507263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.26169872283935547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.24434539675712585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2123607099056244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.14694973826408386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13570037484169006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.07850170135498047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26873012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214781","display_name":"Condensed matter physics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/vetecf.2011.6093041","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vetecf.2011.6093041","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Fall)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2007087405","https://openalex.org/W2071707134","https://openalex.org/W2099111195","https://openalex.org/W2109245924","https://openalex.org/W2109646585","https://openalex.org/W2135689168","https://openalex.org/W2147734262","https://openalex.org/W2166744489","https://openalex.org/W2478708596"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2105321464","https://openalex.org/W2887774187","https://openalex.org/W2388220555","https://openalex.org/W1554844486","https://openalex.org/W1520875569","https://openalex.org/W3048739257","https://openalex.org/W1665563134","https://openalex.org/W2963604926","https://openalex.org/W2199957582","https://openalex.org/W2033178790"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cognitive":[0],"Radio":[1],"systems":[2],"require":[3],"detailed":[4],"feedback":[5],"about":[6],"their":[7],"environment,":[8],"and":[9,32,41,76,97],"detecting":[10],"anomalies":[11,28],"is":[12],"core":[13],"to":[14,23,37,44,60],"this":[15,100],"task.":[16],"The":[17],"KLD":[18,59,74],"metric":[19],"can":[20],"be":[21,38],"used":[22],"detect":[24],"a":[25,88],"variety":[26],"of":[27],"in":[29,46,106],"radio":[30],"signals,":[31],"has":[33],"been":[34],"previously":[35],"demonstrated":[36],"both":[39],"effective,":[40],"efficient":[42],"enough":[43],"run":[45],"real-time.":[47],"In":[48],"tests,":[49,85],"it":[50],"was":[51],"observed":[52,107],"that":[53,99],"some":[54],"anomalous":[55],"signals":[56],"caused":[57],"the":[58,73,78,81,84],"increase":[61],"monotonically":[62],"for":[63,90],"long":[64],"time":[65],"periods,":[66],"while":[67],"others":[68],"did":[69],"not.":[70],"After":[71],"analysing":[72],"equation":[75],"comparing":[77],"findings":[79],"with":[80,104],"results":[82,105],"from":[83],"we":[86],"present":[87],"hypothesis":[89],"how":[91],"such":[92],"monotonic":[93],"sequences":[94],"could":[95],"occur":[96],"demonstrate":[98],"agrees":[101],"very":[102],"closely":[103],"signals.":[108]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-01-13T01:12:25.745995","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}