{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3084604851","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vdat50263.2020.9190498","title":"CORDIC Based Implementation of the Softmax Activation Function","display_name":"CORDIC Based Implementation of the Softmax Activation Function","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3084604851","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vdat50263.2020.9190498","mag":"3084604851"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/vdat50263.2020.9190498","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vdat50263.2020.9190498","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 24th International Symposium on VLSI Design and Test (VDAT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086138353","display_name":"Aishwarya Kagalkar","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Aishwarya Kagalkar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of ECE, M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, INDIA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of ECE, M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, INDIA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014798954","display_name":"S Raghuram","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Raghuram","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of ECE, M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, INDIA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of ECE, M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, INDIA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5086138353"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7458,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92394376,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"4"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11697","display_name":"Numerical Methods and Algorithms","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11697","display_name":"Numerical Methods and Algorithms","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/softmax-function","display_name":"Softmax function","score":0.9469513893127441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cordic","display_name":"CORDIC","score":0.7403243780136108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6808860301971436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/activation-function","display_name":"Activation function","score":0.5907192230224609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuromorphic-engineering","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","score":0.5223692059516907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/application-specific-integrated-circuit","display_name":"Application-specific integrated circuit","score":0.4454350769519806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4405581057071686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.423861563205719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.4172058701515198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exponential-function","display_name":"Exponential function","score":0.4101758897304535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.34704965353012085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.294486939907074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1943034529685974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.13595473766326904}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188441871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554146","display_name":"Softmax function","level":3,"score":0.9469513893127441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58870171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q116076","display_name":"CORDIC","level":3,"score":0.7403243780136108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6808860301971436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38365724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677469","display_name":"Activation function","level":3,"score":0.5907192230224609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151927369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1981312","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","level":3,"score":0.5223692059516907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77390884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217302","display_name":"Application-specific integrated circuit","level":2,"score":0.4454350769519806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4405581057071686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.423861563205719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.4172058701515198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151376022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168698","display_name":"Exponential function","level":2,"score":0.4101758897304535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.34704965353012085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.294486939907074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1943034529685974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.13595473766326904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/vdat50263.2020.9190498","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vdat50263.2020.9190498","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 24th International Symposium on VLSI Design and Test (VDAT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1587217691","https://openalex.org/W2150633168","https://openalex.org/W2512481274","https://openalex.org/W2600089886","https://openalex.org/W2608093348","https://openalex.org/W2801179766","https://openalex.org/W2910396952","https://openalex.org/W2914968962","https://openalex.org/W2951045917","https://openalex.org/W4300223101"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3107204728","https://openalex.org/W4287591324","https://openalex.org/W4226420367","https://openalex.org/W3005627584","https://openalex.org/W4292054264","https://openalex.org/W4287869072","https://openalex.org/W3170224572","https://openalex.org/W4285326772","https://openalex.org/W2952321997","https://openalex.org/W2792643794"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Interest":[0],"has":[1],"been":[2],"renewed":[3],"in":[4,63,115,148],"the":[5,11,18,37,41,54,60,65,72,77,80,86,98,130,135,145],"domain":[6],"of":[7,13,36,59,67,129,154],"neuromorphic":[8,157],"circuits,":[9],"with":[10],"emergence":[12],"Deep":[14],"Neural":[15],"Networks":[16],"as":[17],"leading":[19],"model":[20],"for":[21,34,49,56,75,84,96],"various":[22],"classification":[23],"tasks.":[24],"In":[25],"this":[26,68],"work,":[27],"we":[28],"present":[29],"a":[30],"CORDIC":[31,73],"based":[32],"implementation":[33,139],"one":[35],"most":[38],"important":[39],"layers,":[40],"Softmax":[42,99,131,146],"layer.":[43,69],"The":[44,138],"layer":[45],"is":[46,89],"particularly":[47],"complex":[48],"CMOS":[50],"implementations":[51,104,153],"due":[52],"to":[53,143],"requirement":[55],"multiple":[57],"evaluations":[58],"exponential":[61],"function":[62,100,132],"calculating":[64,85],"output":[66],"We":[70,123],"apply":[71],"method":[74],"computing":[76],"exponent":[78],"and":[79,109,121,151],"binary":[81],"division":[82,136],"algorithm":[83],"output.":[87],"It":[88],"shown":[90],"via":[91],"experiments":[92],"that":[93,133],"our":[94],"approach":[95],"realizing":[97],"simultaneously":[101],"out-performs":[102],"existing":[103],"using":[105],"McLaurin":[106],"series":[107],"approximations":[108,112],"Pad\u00e9":[110],"polynomial":[111],"from":[113],"literature":[114],"three":[116],"key":[117],"metrics:":[118],"timing,":[119],"area,":[120],"accuracy.":[122],"also":[124],"investigate":[125],"an":[126],"inverse":[127],"form":[128],"avoids":[134],"operation.":[137],"can":[140],"be":[141],"used":[142],"realize":[144],"activation":[147],"both":[149],"ASIC":[150],"FPGA":[152],"large":[155],"scale":[156],"circuits.":[158]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-24T08:23:43.765630","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}