{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7125674849","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vcc67261.2025.11351126","title":"DRL-Based NFV Orchestration for Ultra-Low Latency Edge Applications","display_name":"DRL-Based NFV Orchestration for Ultra-Low Latency Edge Applications","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7125674849","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vcc67261.2025.11351126"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/vcc67261.2025.11351126","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vcc67261.2025.11351126","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE Virtual Conference on Communications (VCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123826751","display_name":"Iqra Batool","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125749732","display_name":"Western University","ror":"https://ror.org/02grkyz14","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Iqra Batool","raw_affiliation_strings":["Western University,Department of Computer Science,London,ON,Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Western University,Department of Computer Science,London,ON,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123880304","display_name":"Mostafa M. Fouda","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106969075","display_name":"Idaho State University","ror":"https://ror.org/0162z8b04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106969075"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201537933","display_name":"Tohoku University","ror":"https://ror.org/01dq60k83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]}],"countries":["JP","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mostafa M. Fouda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, USA; Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, USA; Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106969075","https://openalex.org/I201537933"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053163516","display_name":"Mohamed I. Ibrahem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8000-4161"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25041050","display_name":"Augusta University","ror":"https://ror.org/012mef835","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25041050"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed I. Ibrahem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cyber Systems Engineering, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cyber Systems Engineering, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25041050"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121659633","display_name":"Zubair Md Fadlullah","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125749732","display_name":"Western University","ror":"https://ror.org/02grkyz14","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zubair Md Fadlullah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Western University,Department of Computer Science,London,ON,Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Western University,Department of Computer Science,London,ON,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65483734,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.8978000283241272,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.8978000283241272,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.02370000071823597,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.014600000344216824,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/testbed","display_name":"Testbed","score":0.7875000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.746399998664856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orchestration","display_name":"Orchestration","score":0.7016000151634216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-functions-virtualization","display_name":"Network Functions Virtualization","score":0.5920000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtualization","display_name":"Virtualization","score":0.49050000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-network","display_name":"Virtual network","score":0.47350001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.3840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.37209999561309814}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7989000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31395832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318674","display_name":"Testbed","level":2,"score":0.7875000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.746399998664856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199168358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3367000","display_name":"Orchestration","level":3,"score":0.7016000151634216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200789330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7000834","display_name":"Network Functions Virtualization","level":3,"score":0.5920000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5508000254631042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513985346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270471","display_name":"Virtualization","level":3,"score":0.49050000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776874963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4112081","display_name":"Virtual network","level":2,"score":0.47350001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3864000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.3840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.37209999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.3269999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47878483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848333","display_name":"Full virtualization","level":4,"score":0.326200008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.2928999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13540734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5318996","display_name":"Dynamic network analysis","level":2,"score":0.29100000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25344961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192726","display_name":"Virtual machine","level":2,"score":0.287200003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128519102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q339554","display_name":"Network on a chip","level":2,"score":0.2822999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134652429","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1052698","display_name":"Jitter","level":2,"score":0.2745000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46637626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6693015","display_name":"Low latency (capital markets)","level":2,"score":0.27399998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.2689000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779898492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4112081","display_name":"Network virtualization","level":4,"score":0.2671999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.2644999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.2515000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.25130000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779618445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1640628","display_name":"Network service","level":2,"score":0.25130000710487366}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/vcc67261.2025.11351126","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/vcc67261.2025.11351126","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE Virtual Conference on Communications (VCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.688687264919281,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2994604822","https://openalex.org/W3088950228","https://openalex.org/W3125409609","https://openalex.org/W3153976834","https://openalex.org/W3168862718","https://openalex.org/W3176314363","https://openalex.org/W3179238719","https://openalex.org/W3196115271","https://openalex.org/W3196766075","https://openalex.org/W4210257436","https://openalex.org/W4213000671","https://openalex.org/W4226287455","https://openalex.org/W4292971074","https://openalex.org/W4311327354","https://openalex.org/W4319997079","https://openalex.org/W4327767943","https://openalex.org/W4376455441","https://openalex.org/W4379034046","https://openalex.org/W4400350897","https://openalex.org/W4401213703","https://openalex.org/W4410204571","https://openalex.org/W4413553575","https://openalex.org/W4414229543","https://openalex.org/W7084085168"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ultra-low":[0],"latency":[1,14,53,78,121],"applications":[2,131],"such":[3],"as":[4],"autonomous":[5],"vehicles,":[6],"industrial":[7],"IoT,":[8],"and":[9,46,69,123],"augmented":[10],"reality":[11],"require":[12],"end-to-end":[13,77],"below":[15],"10":[16],"ms,":[17],"necessitating":[18],"intelligent":[19],"placement":[20,36,92,117],"of":[21,129],"Network":[22,72],"Function":[23],"Virtualization":[24],"(NFV)":[25],"across":[26],"the":[27],"edge-cloud":[28],"continuum.":[29],"Current":[30],"NFV":[31],"orchestration":[32,64],"approaches":[33,118],"use":[34],"static":[35,116],"strategies":[37],"that":[38,66,99,110],"fail":[39],"to":[40,42,75],"adapt":[41],"dynamic":[43],"network":[44],"conditions":[45],"application":[47,101],"mobility":[48],"patterns,":[49],"resulting":[50],"in":[51,119,132],"suboptimal":[52],"performance.":[54],"This":[55],"paper":[56],"presents":[57],"a":[58,86,95,106],"novel":[59],"Deep":[60,87],"Reinforcement":[61],"Learning":[62],"(DRL)-based":[63],"framework":[65],"dynamically":[67],"places":[68],"migrates":[70],"Virtual":[71],"Functions":[73],"(VNFs)":[74],"minimize":[76],"while":[79],"maintaining":[80],"service":[81],"continuity.":[82],"Our":[83],"approach":[84],"combines":[85],"Q-Network":[88],"(DQN)":[89],"agent":[90],"for":[91],"decisions":[93],"with":[94],"predictive":[96],"migration":[97],"mechanism":[98],"anticipates":[100],"demands.":[102],"Experimental":[103],"results":[104],"on":[105],"real":[107],"testbed":[108],"demonstrate":[109],"our":[111],"solution":[112],"significantly":[113],"outperforms":[114],"existing":[115],"both":[120],"reduction":[122],"resource":[124],"utilization,":[125],"enabling":[126],"new":[127],"classes":[128],"latency-critical":[130],"$5":[133],"\\mathrm{G}":[134],"/":[135],"6":[136],"\\mathrm{G}$":[137],"networks.":[138]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-01-27T00:00:00"}
