{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388757769","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/uemcon59035.2023.10316011","title":"Signals of Opportunity: Spoof Detection with Low-Cost Hardware and Edge Devices","display_name":"Signals of Opportunity: Spoof Detection with Low-Cost Hardware and Edge Devices","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388757769","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/uemcon59035.2023.10316011"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/uemcon59035.2023.10316011","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/uemcon59035.2023.10316011","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE 14th Annual Ubiquitous Computing, Electronics & Mobile Communication Conference (UEMCON)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101773771","display_name":"P\u00e9ter T\u00f3th","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5616-5520"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192545095","display_name":"United States Military Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/01jepya76","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I192545095","https://openalex.org/I4210088792"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Toth","raw_affiliation_strings":["United States Military Academy,Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department,West Point,United States","Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, United States Military Academy, West Point, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"United States Military Academy,Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department,West Point,United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192545095"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, United States Military Academy, West Point, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192545095"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023429823","display_name":"Thomas A. Babbitt","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192545095","display_name":"United States Military Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/01jepya76","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I192545095","https://openalex.org/I4210088792"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Babbitt","raw_affiliation_strings":["United States Military Academy,Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department,West Point,United States","Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, United States Military Academy, West Point, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"United States Military Academy,Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department,West Point,United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192545095"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, United States Military Academy, West Point, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192545095"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022900239","display_name":"Timothy Graziano","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192545095","display_name":"United States Military Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/01jepya76","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I192545095","https://openalex.org/I4210088792"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Timothy Graziano","raw_affiliation_strings":["United States Military Academy,Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department,West Point,United States","Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, United States Military Academy, West Point, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"United States Military Academy,Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department,West Point,United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192545095"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, United States Military Academy, West Point, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192545095"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192545095"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5438,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89777953,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"0219","last_page":"0223"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13121","display_name":"Radio Wave Propagation Studies","score":0.9664000272750854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.8046321868896484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7032098174095154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.6119750142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoofing-attack","display_name":"Spoofing attack","score":0.5719279646873474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.5029916167259216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.5002443790435791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.48335522413253784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.48099789023399353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-augmentation","display_name":"GNSS augmentation","score":0.46608966588974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.4272167980670929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-system","display_name":"Satellite system","score":0.4219546616077423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.41874009370803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/commercial-off-the-shelf","display_name":"Commercial off-the-shelf","score":0.41289401054382324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.4040483236312866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.30239611864089966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1711684763431549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.12121269106864929}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.8046321868896484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7032098174095154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.6119750142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167900197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081100","display_name":"Spoofing attack","level":2,"score":0.5719279646873474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.5029916167259216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.5002443790435791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.48335522413253784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.48099789023399353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166212672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165162","display_name":"GNSS augmentation","level":4,"score":0.46608966588974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.4272167980670929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778027091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25346003","display_name":"Satellite system","level":4,"score":0.4219546616077423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.41874009370803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777030141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1115443","display_name":"Commercial off-the-shelf","level":3,"score":0.41289401054382324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.4040483236312866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.30239611864089966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1711684763431549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.12121269106864929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/uemcon59035.2023.10316011","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/uemcon59035.2023.10316011","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE 14th Annual Ubiquitous Computing, Electronics & Mobile Communication Conference (UEMCON)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6499999761581421,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1514458494","https://openalex.org/W2979425263","https://openalex.org/W2980220981","https://openalex.org/W3201566337","https://openalex.org/W3206869978","https://openalex.org/W4247075689","https://openalex.org/W4255740205"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3095455901","https://openalex.org/W3197004465","https://openalex.org/W2346214124","https://openalex.org/W2088717005","https://openalex.org/W744943591","https://openalex.org/W2525440477","https://openalex.org/W3103057830","https://openalex.org/W2091251439","https://openalex.org/W3205180365","https://openalex.org/W2109997931"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Global":[0],"Navigation":[1],"Satellite":[2],"Systems":[3],"(GNSS)":[4],"are":[5,41,49],"essential":[6],"for":[7],"the":[8,18,31,79],"operation":[9],"of":[10,22,33,59,74,81,105,116],"critical":[11],"infrastructure,":[12],"shipping,":[13],"and":[14,25,48,63,70,86,92],"first":[15],"responders":[16],"around":[17],"world.":[19],"Increased":[20],"instances":[21],"position,":[23],"navigation,":[24],"timing":[26],"(PNT)":[27],"interference":[28],"can":[29],"threaten":[30],"performance":[32],"crisis":[34],"response":[35],"organizations.":[36],"Current":[37],"alternatives":[38],"to":[39,46,90,110],"GPS":[40],"expensive,":[42],"require":[43],"ideal":[44],"conditions":[45],"operate,":[47],"computationally":[50],"cost":[51],"prohibitive":[52],"in":[53],"most":[54],"applications.":[55],"The":[56],"recent":[57],"proliferation":[58],"edge":[60,87],"computing":[61],"devices":[62],"software":[64],"defined":[65],"radios":[66],"enables":[67],"low-cost":[68,82],"reception":[69],"high":[71],"fidelity":[72],"analysis":[73],"radio":[75],"signals.":[76],"We":[77],"explore":[78],"efficacy":[80],"commercial-off-the-shelf":[83],"(COTS)":[84],"hardware":[85],"device":[88],"processing":[89],"capture":[91],"analyze":[93],"Low":[94],"Earth":[95],"Orbit":[96],"(LEO)":[97],"satellite":[98],"beacon":[99],"signal":[100],"Doppler":[101],"frequency":[102],"shifts.":[103],"Analysis":[104],"these":[106],"signals":[107],"is":[108],"shown":[109],"identify":[111],"GNSS":[112],"spoofing":[113],"with":[114],"accuracy":[115],"4.12":[117],"meters.":[118]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}