{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3006025744","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/uemcon47517.2019.8993014","title":"A Survey of Applying Reinforcement Learning Techniques to Multicast Routing","display_name":"A Survey of Applying Reinforcement Learning Techniques to Multicast Routing","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3006025744","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/uemcon47517.2019.8993014","mag":"3006025744"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/uemcon47517.2019.8993014","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/uemcon47517.2019.8993014","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE 10th Annual Ubiquitous Computing, Electronics & Mobile Communication Conference (UEMCON)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083126634","display_name":"Ola Ashour","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67031392","display_name":"Carleton University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qtvee93","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ola Ashour","raw_affiliation_strings":["Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025985903","display_name":"Marc St\u2010Hilaire","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1470-0855"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67031392","display_name":"Carleton University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qtvee93","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marc St-Hilaire","raw_affiliation_strings":["Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083570181","display_name":"Thomas Kunz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6241-778X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67031392","display_name":"Carleton University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qtvee93","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Kunz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101974654","display_name":"Maoyu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9141-301X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151552","display_name":"Communications Research Centre Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/05dybt340","country_code":"CA","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151552"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maoyu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Communications Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Communications Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151552"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.186,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.59407807,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"114","issue":null,"first_page":"1145","last_page":"1151"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10246","display_name":"Mobile Ad Hoc Networks","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10246","display_name":"Mobile Ad Hoc Networks","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10796","display_name":"Cooperative Communication and Network Coding","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11158","display_name":"Wireless Networks and Protocols","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.8528088927268982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8373611569404602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol-independent-multicast","display_name":"Protocol Independent Multicast","score":0.775745689868927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multicast","display_name":"Multicast","score":0.7376428842544556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distance-vector-multicast-routing-protocol","display_name":"Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol","score":0.675744354724884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.6427863836288452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-specific-multicast","display_name":"Source-specific multicast","score":0.5407857894897461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/xcast","display_name":"Xcast","score":0.5297357439994812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pragmatic-general-multicast","display_name":"Pragmatic General Multicast","score":0.5115286111831665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/link-state-routing-protocol","display_name":"Link-state routing protocol","score":0.42381617426872253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing-protocol","display_name":"Routing protocol","score":0.3560781478881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.2815873324871063}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.8528088927268982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8373611569404602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44892269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q782752","display_name":"Protocol Independent Multicast","level":3,"score":0.775745689868927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32295351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899288","display_name":"Multicast","level":2,"score":0.7376428842544556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42272142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1229379","display_name":"Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol","level":4,"score":0.675744354724884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.6427863836288452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18787934","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7565105","display_name":"Source-specific multicast","level":3,"score":0.5407857894897461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192059732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3823050","display_name":"Xcast","level":3,"score":0.5297357439994812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112037812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2107523","display_name":"Pragmatic General Multicast","level":4,"score":0.5115286111831665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89305328","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1755411","display_name":"Link-state routing protocol","level":4,"score":0.42381617426872253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104954878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648707","display_name":"Routing protocol","level":3,"score":0.3560781478881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.2815873324871063}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/uemcon47517.2019.8993014","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/uemcon47517.2019.8993014","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE 10th Annual Ubiquitous Computing, Electronics & Mobile Communication Conference (UEMCON)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W41554520","https://openalex.org/W1525019474","https://openalex.org/W1973668864","https://openalex.org/W2000875519","https://openalex.org/W2007228529","https://openalex.org/W2051315023","https://openalex.org/W2051833588","https://openalex.org/W2070941899","https://openalex.org/W2073230557","https://openalex.org/W2098219839","https://openalex.org/W2103222798","https://openalex.org/W2103724767","https://openalex.org/W2107726111","https://openalex.org/W2109013060","https://openalex.org/W2119632647","https://openalex.org/W2121863487","https://openalex.org/W2132932625","https://openalex.org/W2144619001","https://openalex.org/W2154711628","https://openalex.org/W2156666755","https://openalex.org/W2160993444","https://openalex.org/W2161251616","https://openalex.org/W2228607910","https://openalex.org/W2410565059","https://openalex.org/W2512877821","https://openalex.org/W2532589578","https://openalex.org/W2537747452","https://openalex.org/W2542764750","https://openalex.org/W2544950289","https://openalex.org/W2554148185","https://openalex.org/W2564407152","https://openalex.org/W2577097471","https://openalex.org/W2579403893","https://openalex.org/W2607861841","https://openalex.org/W2731150448","https://openalex.org/W2744452483","https://openalex.org/W2747899411","https://openalex.org/W2759910885","https://openalex.org/W2809684781","https://openalex.org/W3011120880","https://openalex.org/W4231776953","https://openalex.org/W4238120498","https://openalex.org/W6675406219","https://openalex.org/W6682459407","https://openalex.org/W6732945414"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2371847117","https://openalex.org/W80466176","https://openalex.org/W4321384965","https://openalex.org/W2080190883","https://openalex.org/W89592389","https://openalex.org/W2393131931","https://openalex.org/W2044503969","https://openalex.org/W2036328685","https://openalex.org/W2136818972","https://openalex.org/W2161099791"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multicast":[0],"routing":[1,45,55,141,145,154,165,170,224,235],"refers":[2],"to":[3,8,142,151,168,185],"the":[4,160,164,178,202,206,213],"transmission":[5,70],"of":[6,11,91,115,123,209],"packets":[7,210],"a":[9,15,22],"group":[10,18,30],"nodes":[12,150],"identified":[13],"by":[14],"single":[16],"multicast":[17,44,76,223,234],"address.":[19],"It":[20],"plays":[21],"critical":[23],"role":[24],"in":[25,56,139,187],"supporting":[26],"applications":[27,77,85],"that":[28],"require":[29,86],"communication":[31],"such":[32,57],"as":[33],"video":[34],"conferencing":[35],"and":[36,68,82,88,113,226,232],"file":[37,83],"distribution.":[38],"One":[39],"particularly":[40],"challenging":[41],"environment":[42,161],"for":[43,98,191,230],"is":[46],"Mobile":[47],"Ad-hoc":[48],"Networks":[49],"(MANETs).":[50],"The":[51],"major":[52],"problems":[53],"facing":[54],"networks":[58],"are":[59],"node":[60],"mobility,":[61],"frequently":[62],"changing":[63],"topology,":[64],"unstable":[65],"wireless":[66,149],"links,":[67],"limited":[69],"range.":[71],"Despite":[72],"these":[73,217],"challenges,":[74],"several":[75],"like":[78],"data":[79,198],"base":[80],"initialization":[81],"distribution":[84],"reliable":[87,119,231],"efficient":[89,153,233],"delivery":[90,199],"data.":[92],"Various":[93],"approaches":[94,229],"have":[95,135],"been":[96,136],"proposed":[97],"MANET":[99],"multicasting,":[100],"but":[101],"either":[102],"suffer":[103],"from":[104],"low":[105],"Packet":[106],"Delivery":[107],"Ratio":[108],"(PDR)":[109],"or":[110],"high":[111],"overhead":[112,166],"lack":[114],"scalability.":[116],"In":[117,172],"addition,":[118],"multicasting":[120,186],"requires":[121],"re-transmission":[122],"lost":[124],"packets,":[125],"which":[126],"increases":[127],"protocol":[128],"overhead.":[129],"Recently,":[130],"Reinforcement":[131],"Learning":[132],"(RL)":[133],"techniques":[134,225],"successfully":[137],"used":[138],"unicast":[140],"provide":[143],"adaptive":[144],"schemes.":[146],"RL":[147,184],"allows":[148],"make":[152],"decisions":[155],"based":[156],"on":[157,216],"interaction":[158],"with":[159],"while":[162,200],"reducing":[163,205],"compared":[167],"traditional":[169],"approaches.":[171],"this":[173],"paper,":[174],"we":[175,219],"investigate":[176],"whether":[177],"same":[179,203],"results":[180],"hold":[181],"when":[182],"applying":[183],"MANETs.":[188],"We":[189],"aim":[190],"two":[192],"main":[193],"performance":[194],"criteria:":[195],"ensuring":[196],"100%":[197],"at":[201],"time":[204],"total":[207],"number":[208],"transmitted":[211],"over":[212],"network.":[214],"Based":[215],"metrics,":[218],"evaluate":[220],"existing":[221],"RL-based":[222],"suggest":[227],"promising":[228],"protocols.":[236]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}