{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3006115916","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/uemcon47517.2019.8992963","title":"FBAD: Fog-based Attack Detection for IoT Healthcare in Smart Cities","display_name":"FBAD: Fog-based Attack Detection for IoT Healthcare in Smart Cities","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3006115916","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/uemcon47517.2019.8992963","mag":"3006115916"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/uemcon47517.2019.8992963","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/uemcon47517.2019.8992963","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE 10th Annual Ubiquitous Computing, Electronics & Mobile Communication Conference (UEMCON)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037428435","display_name":"Ibrahim Alrashdi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7537-5542"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177721651","display_name":"Oakland University","ror":"https://ror.org/01ythxj32","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177721651"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ibrahim Alrashdi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177721651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059949408","display_name":"Ali Alqazzaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7721-0450"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136004","display_name":"University of Bisha","ror":"https://ror.org/040548g92","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136004"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Alqazzaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bisha, Bisha, KSA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bisha, Bisha, KSA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068099666","display_name":"Raed Alharthi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6182-7923"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177721651","display_name":"Oakland University","ror":"https://ror.org/01ythxj32","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177721651"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raed Alharthi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177721651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014820486","display_name":"Esam Aloufi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177721651","display_name":"Oakland University","ror":"https://ror.org/01ythxj32","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177721651"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Esam Aloufi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177721651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056796999","display_name":"Mohamed Zohdy","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177721651","display_name":"Oakland University","ror":"https://ror.org/01ythxj32","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177721651"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed A. Zohdy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177721651"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102765393","display_name":"Hua Ming","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5379-6311"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177721651","display_name":"Oakland University","ror":"https://ror.org/01ythxj32","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177721651"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hua Ming","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177721651"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.9175,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":66,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96159675,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"0515","last_page":"0522"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12676","display_name":"Machine Learning and ELM","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12676","display_name":"Machine Learning and ELM","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8338019847869873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.7410975098609924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.7229688167572021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.6083886623382568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.6010318398475647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fog-computing","display_name":"Fog computing","score":0.5928184986114502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extreme-learning-machine","display_name":"Extreme learning machine","score":0.5432776212692261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.511083722114563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-latency","display_name":"Low latency (capital markets)","score":0.4968099892139435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.48965269327163696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-device","display_name":"Edge device","score":0.43675482273101807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4058568775653839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3443159759044647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.3440116047859192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.33309632539749146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.24035349488258362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.1868363320827484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.07681283354759216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.07099398970603943}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8338019847869873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.7410975098609924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.7229688167572021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.6083886623382568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.6010318398475647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986652147","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21809931","display_name":"Fog computing","level":3,"score":0.5928184986114502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780150128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21948731","display_name":"Extreme learning machine","level":3,"score":0.5432776212692261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.511083722114563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46637626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6693015","display_name":"Low latency (capital markets)","level":2,"score":0.4968099892139435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.48965269327163696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.43675482273101807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4058568775653839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3443159759044647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.3440116047859192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.33309632539749146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.24035349488258362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.1868363320827484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.07681283354759216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.07099398970603943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/uemcon47517.2019.8992963","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/uemcon47517.2019.8992963","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE 10th Annual Ubiquitous Computing, Electronics & Mobile Communication Conference (UEMCON)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.6100000143051147,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1534477342","https://openalex.org/W1636725296","https://openalex.org/W2069315453","https://openalex.org/W2074013628","https://openalex.org/W2099940443","https://openalex.org/W2111072639","https://openalex.org/W2114623221","https://openalex.org/W2158054309","https://openalex.org/W2557450880","https://openalex.org/W2586432806","https://openalex.org/W2586923239","https://openalex.org/W2590373591","https://openalex.org/W2604105233","https://openalex.org/W2617739269","https://openalex.org/W2732477316","https://openalex.org/W2752291283","https://openalex.org/W2757758197","https://openalex.org/W2763827256","https://openalex.org/W2763925543","https://openalex.org/W2767754816","https://openalex.org/W2782169620","https://openalex.org/W2785446263","https://openalex.org/W2790895699","https://openalex.org/W2806820837","https://openalex.org/W2885569475","https://openalex.org/W2886899600","https://openalex.org/W2892077825","https://openalex.org/W2904235330","https://openalex.org/W2922140331","https://openalex.org/W3106059286","https://openalex.org/W6636615889","https://openalex.org/W6730239214","https://openalex.org/W6744978710","https://openalex.org/W6756728290"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2885657717","https://openalex.org/W4322761281","https://openalex.org/W2892869641","https://openalex.org/W4238233472","https://openalex.org/W4328007012","https://openalex.org/W2982330340","https://openalex.org/W4293054626","https://openalex.org/W2942586735","https://openalex.org/W4214499119","https://openalex.org/W2894001169"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,125],"number":[1],"of":[2,13,16,58,75,114,127,139],"zero-day":[3],"attacks":[4],"has":[5],"been":[6,24],"exponentially":[7],"increasing":[8],"due":[9,90],"to":[10,26,42,91,101],"a":[11,39,49,72],"variety":[12],"heterogeneous":[14],"Internet":[15],"Things":[17],"(IoT)":[18],"protocols.":[19],"Many":[20],"centralized-based":[21],"techniques":[22,35],"have":[23,36],"introduced":[25],"identify":[27],"malicious":[28,68],"activities":[29],"in":[30,87,137],"IoT":[31,44,103],"environments.":[32],"However,":[33],"these":[34],"suffered":[37],"including":[38,121],"high":[40,92],"latency":[41],"satisfy":[43],"requirements.":[45],"This":[46],"paper":[47],"proposes":[48],"fog-based":[50],"attack":[51,84],"detection":[52,85,141],"(FBAD)":[53],"framework":[54,79,116],"using":[55],"an":[56],"ensemble":[57],"online":[59],"sequential":[60],"extreme":[61],"learning":[62],"machine":[63],"(EOS-ELM)":[64],"for":[65,80],"efficiently":[66],"detecting":[67],"activities.":[69],"We":[70],"indicate":[71],"high-level":[73],"view":[74],"the":[76,82,102,106,112,128,140],"efficient":[77],"proposed":[78],"deploying":[81],"distributed":[83,132],"technique":[86],"fog":[88],"computing":[89],"accuracy":[93],"and":[94,123,143],"low":[95],"latency,":[96],"as":[97],"it":[98],"is":[99],"closer":[100],"devices":[104],"at":[105],"network":[107],"edge.":[108],"Furthermore,":[109],"we":[110],"compare":[111],"performance":[113],"our":[115],"with":[117],"other":[118],"existing":[119],"approaches":[120],"ELM":[122],"OS-ELM.":[124],"results":[126],"experiment":[129],"demonstrate":[130],"that":[131],"architecture":[133,136],"outperforms":[134],"centralized":[135],"terms":[138],"time":[142],"classification":[144],"accuracy.":[145]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-25T08:15:23.626066","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}