{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415088370","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2026.3714223","title":"Knowledge Distillation for Sensing-Assisted Long-Term Beam Tracking in mmWave Communications","display_name":"Knowledge Distillation for Sensing-Assisted Long-Term Beam Tracking in mmWave Communications","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415088370","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2026.3714223"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2026.3714223","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2026.3714223","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2026.3714223","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101994358","display_name":"Mengyuan Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1675-1883"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengyuan Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Oulu"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1675-1883","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oulu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026216458","display_name":"Nhan T. Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6961-0147"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nhan Thanh Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Oulu"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6961-0147","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oulu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012405763","display_name":"Nir Shlezinger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2234-929X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124227911","display_name":"Ben-Gurion University of the Negev","ror":"https://ror.org/05tkyf982","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124227911"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nir Shlezinger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ben-Gurion University of the Negev"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2234-929X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ben-Gurion University of the Negev","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124227911"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005913897","display_name":"Yonina C. Eldar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4358-5304"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I53964585","display_name":"Weizmann Institute of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/0316ej306","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I53964585"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yonina C. Eldar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Weizmann Institute of Science"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4358-5304","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Weizmann Institute of Science","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I53964585"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027055000","display_name":"A. Lee Swindlehurst","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0521-3107"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Lee Swindlehurst","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Irvine"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0521-3107","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Irvine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029534229","display_name":"Markku Juntti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5413-1896"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Markku Juntti","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Oulu"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5413-1896","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oulu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.00629093,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":null,"first_page":"20494","last_page":"20511"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10262","display_name":"Microwave Engineering and Waveguides","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/codebook","display_name":"Codebook","score":0.8360999822616577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.7092999815940857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.5848000049591064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.5842999815940857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5727999806404114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam","display_name":"Beam (structure)","score":0.5134999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.4275999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.39309999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.3772999942302704}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127759330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q637416","display_name":"Codebook","level":2,"score":0.8360999822616577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.7092999815940857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.5848000049591064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.5842999815940857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5727999806404114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168834538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3705329","display_name":"Beam (structure)","level":2,"score":0.5134999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4275999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4228000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3995000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.39309999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.3772999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3767000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19889080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2835852","display_name":"Beam search","level":3,"score":0.3458000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.3255000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.32359999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204030448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101017","display_name":"Distillation","level":2,"score":0.3172999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.3125999867916107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778915421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3643177","display_name":"Performance improvement","level":2,"score":0.30869999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.2913999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2865000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4554734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q593744","display_name":"Knowledge base","level":2,"score":0.2766000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.2736000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.27000001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189430467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293293","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","level":2,"score":0.2662000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.26249998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984118289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29954","display_name":"Power consumption","level":3,"score":0.25589999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.25360000133514404}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2026.3714223","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2026.3714223","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2509.11419","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.11419","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.11419","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2509.11419","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2509.11419","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2509.11419","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2026.3714223","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2026.3714223","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1596423092","display_name":"Collaborative Research: U.S.-Ireland R&D Partnership: CIF: AF: Small: Enabling Beyond-5G Wireless Access Networks with Robust and Scalable Cell-Free Massive MIMO","funder_award_id":"2322191","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2469647886","display_name":"6G Flagship - 6G-Enabled Wireless Smart Society & Ecosystem","funder_award_id":"369116","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","funder_display_name":"Academy of Finland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G845417943","display_name":"Collaborative Research: NSF-AoF: CIF: AF: Small: Energy-Efficient THz Communications Across Massive Dimensions","funder_award_id":"2225575","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316520","display_name":"Keysight Technologies","ror":"https://ror.org/02903cd17"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","display_name":"Academy of Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/05k73zm37"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322410","display_name":"MediaTek","ror":"https://ror.org/05g9jck81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","display_name":"China Scholarship Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04atp4p48"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328501","display_name":"Business Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/05bgf9v38"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338463","display_name":"CHIST-ERA","ror":"https://ror.org/00rbzpz17"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Infrastructure-mounted":[0],"sensors":[1],"can":[2],"capture":[3,71],"rich":[4],"environmental":[5],"information":[6],"to":[7,49,85],"enhance":[8],"communications":[9],"and":[10,35,122,154,175,181],"facilitate":[11],"beamforming":[12],"in":[13,179],"millimeter-wave":[14],"systems.":[15],"This":[16,167],"work":[17],"presents":[18],"an":[19],"efficient":[20],"sensing-assisted":[21],"long-term":[22,105],"beam":[23,56,106],"tracking":[24],"framework":[25],"that":[26,112],"selects":[27],"optimal":[28],"beams":[29],"from":[30],"a":[31,43,90,131],"codebook":[32],"for":[33,55,120],"current":[34,121],"multiple":[36],"future":[37,124],"time":[38,125],"slots.":[39],"We":[40],"first":[41],"design":[42],"large":[44,78],"attention-enhanced":[45],"neural":[46],"network":[47],"(NN)":[48],"fully":[50],"exploit":[51],"past":[52],"visual":[53],"observations":[54],"tracking.":[57],"A":[58],"convolutional":[59],"NN":[60,79,93],"extracts":[61],"compact":[62],"image":[63],"features,":[64],"while":[65,144],"gated":[66],"recurrent":[67],"units":[68],"with":[69,130,162],"attention":[70],"the":[72,83,87,113,141,146],"temporal":[73],"dependencies":[74],"within":[75],"sequences.":[76,166],"The":[77,97,137],"then":[80],"acts":[81],"as":[82],"teacher":[84,114],"guide":[86],"training":[88],"of":[89,134,148],"lightweight":[91],"student":[92,98,138],"via":[94],"knowledge":[95],"distillation.":[96],"requires":[99],"shorter":[100,164],"input":[101,165],"sequences":[102],"yet":[103],"preserves":[104],"prediction":[107],"ability.":[108],"Numerical":[109],"results":[110],"demonstrate":[111],"achieves":[115],"Top-5":[116],"accuracies":[117],"exceeding":[118],"93%":[119],"six":[123],"slots,":[126],"approaching":[127],"state-of-the-art":[128],"performance":[129,143],"90%":[132],"reduction":[133],"model":[135,149],"parameters.":[136],"closely":[139],"matches":[140],"teacher's":[142],"reducing":[145],"number":[147],"parameters":[150],"by":[151,157],"over":[152,158],"1670%":[153],"cutting":[155],"complexity":[156],"450%,":[159],"despite":[160],"operating":[161],"60%":[163],"improvement":[168],"significantly":[169],"enhances":[170],"data":[171],"efficiency,":[172],"reduces":[173,176],"latency,":[174],"power":[177],"consumption":[178],"sensing":[180],"processing.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-06T08:24:18.245995","created_date":"2025-10-12T00:00:00"}