{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7162336598","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2026.3694125","title":"Joint Beamforming and Deployment Optimization for Active STAR-RIS Enabled Covert Communications","display_name":"Joint Beamforming and Deployment Optimization for Active STAR-RIS Enabled Covert Communications","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7162336598","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2026.3694125"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2026.3694125","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2026.3694125","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102739004","display_name":"Yawen Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4586-6834"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yawen Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communications Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4586-6834","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communications Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079422735","display_name":"Jiancun Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7054-4324"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiancun Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communications Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7054-4324","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communications Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017846275","display_name":"Xu Hengbo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hengbo Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communications Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8653-908X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communications Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032367778","display_name":"Qingze Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5879-3953"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingze Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communications Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5879-3953","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communications Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136939300","display_name":"Jie Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8520-6125"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communications Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8520-6125","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communications Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136983995","display_name":"Feng Yan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feng Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xi’an Modern Control Technology Research Institute, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi’an Modern Control Technology Research Institute, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136974913","display_name":"Xiaolin Jia","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210149087","display_name":"Xi'an Railway Survey and Design Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04emf4852","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210149087"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaolin Jia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xi’an Research Institute of Surveying and Mapping, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi’an Research Institute of Surveying and Mapping, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210149087"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58991654,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":null,"first_page":"18471","last_page":"18487"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.5095999836921692,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.5095999836921692,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.10339999943971634,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.06920000165700912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.7585999965667725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/joint","display_name":"Joint (building)","score":0.715399980545044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.6040999889373779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.48010000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert","display_name":"Covert","score":0.40939998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.36820000410079956}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7745000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.7585999965667725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18555067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8375051","display_name":"Joint (building)","level":2,"score":0.715399980545044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.6040999889373779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.48010000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.44609999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779338814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179285","display_name":"Covert","level":2,"score":0.40939998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.39649999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.36820000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.3345000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.3212999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.2924000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.27630001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2615000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.25049999356269836}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2026.3694125","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2026.3694125","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8985709591","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62471381","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"introduces":[2],"a":[3,33,52,134,146,161,227],"novel":[4],"system":[5],"architecture":[6],"that":[7,40,198,221],"integrates":[8],"an":[9,104],"active":[10],"simultaneous":[11],"transmitting":[12],"and":[13,78,89,129,138,211],"reflecting":[14],"reconfigurable":[15],"intelligent":[16],"surface":[17],"(aSTAR-RIS)":[18],"with":[19,169],"rate-splitting":[20],"multiple":[21],"access":[22],"(RSMA)":[23],"to":[24,55,67,84,141],"achieve":[25],"wireless":[26],"covert":[27,61,94,204,234],"communication":[28,209],"in":[29,123,230],"the":[30,48,60,70,87,93,111,118,124,143,178,184,192,199,218,223,232,237],"presence":[31],"of":[32,126,148,236],"multi-antenna":[34],"warden.":[35],"Departing":[36],"from":[37],"conventional":[38],"approaches":[39],"deploy":[41],"STAR-RIS":[42],"at":[43],"fixed":[44],"positions,":[45],"we":[46,132],"treat":[47],"aSTAR-RIS":[49,71,185,224],"location":[50,186,225],"as":[51,83],"design":[53,156],"variable":[54],"be":[56],"optimized":[57],"for":[58,92,177],"maximizing":[59],"transmission":[62,205],"rate.":[63],"Our":[64],"objective":[65,144],"is":[66,101,157,175,188],"jointly":[68],"optimize":[69],"placement,":[72],"transmit":[73,127],"beamforming,":[74],"transmission/reflection":[75],"coefficients":[76],"(TRCs),":[77],"common":[79,88,179,214],"rate":[80,180],"allocation":[81,181],"so":[82],"maximize":[85],"both":[86],"private":[90],"rates":[91,206],"user.":[95],"The":[96,152],"resulting":[97],"multi-variable":[98],"optimization":[99,106,187],"problem":[100,112],"addressed":[102],"via":[103,191],"alternating":[105],"(AO)":[107],"framework,":[108],"which":[109],"decomposes":[110],"into":[113,145],"four":[114],"tractable":[115],"subproblems.":[116],"For":[117],"multi-ratio":[119],"fractional":[120],"programming":[121],"subproblem":[122],"context":[125],"beamforming":[128,155],"TRCs":[130],"optimization,":[131],"adopt":[133],"Lagrangian":[135],"dual":[136],"formulation":[137],"quadratic":[139],"transformation":[140],"reformulate":[142],"difference":[147],"convex":[149,164],"(DC)":[150],"form.":[151],"rank-one":[153],"constrained":[154],"then":[158],"resolved":[159],"using":[160],"penalized":[162],"successive":[163],"approximation":[165],"(SCA)":[166],"method":[167],"combined":[168],"Gaussian":[170],"randomization.":[171],"A":[172],"closed-form":[173],"solution":[174],"derived":[176],"subproblem,":[182],"while":[183,207],"efficiently":[189],"tackled":[190],"SCA":[193],"technique.":[194],"Simulation":[195],"results":[196,219],"validate":[197],"proposed":[200],"scheme":[201],"substantially":[202],"enhances":[203],"preserving":[208],"covertness":[210],"guaranteeing":[212],"reliable":[213],"signal":[215],"reception.":[216],"Importantly,":[217],"highlight":[220],"optimizing":[222],"plays":[226],"critical":[228],"role":[229],"improving":[231],"overall":[233],"performance":[235],"system.":[238]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-16T07:32:37.131356","created_date":"2026-05-26T00:00:00"}