{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7160305982","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2026.3687249","title":"Mismatch Analysis and Cooperative Calibration of Array Beam Patterns for ISAC Systems","display_name":"Mismatch Analysis and Cooperative Calibration of Array Beam Patterns for ISAC Systems","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7160305982","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2026.3687249"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2026.3687249","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2026.3687249","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2026.3687249","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135335826","display_name":"Hui Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9345-9966"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","display_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/040wg7k59","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9345-9966","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100643016","display_name":"Mengting Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2895-7010"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","display_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/040wg7k59","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengting Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0144-870X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135289763","display_name":"Alireza Pourafzal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2389-7848"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","display_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/040wg7k59","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alireza Pourafzal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2389-7848","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135400288","display_name":"Huiping Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9505-3767"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","display_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/040wg7k59","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huiping Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9505-3767","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135304353","display_name":"Yu Ge","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1747-2664"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","display_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/040wg7k59","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Ge","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1747-2664","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135381711","display_name":"Sigurd Sandor Petersen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I891191580","display_name":"Aalborg University","ror":"https://ror.org/04m5j1k67","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sigurd Sandor Petersen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045025355","display_name":"Ming Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9388-3513"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I891191580","display_name":"Aalborg University","ror":"https://ror.org/04m5j1k67","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9388-3513","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135366618","display_name":"George C. Alexandropoulos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6587-1371"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200777214","display_name":"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/04gnjpq42","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George C. Alexandropoulos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6587-1371","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132554323","display_name":"Henk Wymeersch","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","display_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/040wg7k59","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Henk Wymeersch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1298-6159","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.5486166,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":null,"first_page":"16496","last_page":"16511"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10931","display_name":"Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Techniques","score":0.4487999975681305,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10931","display_name":"Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Techniques","score":0.4487999975681305,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.13840000331401825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12879","display_name":"Distributed Sensor Networks and Detection Algorithms","score":0.12809999287128448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calibration","display_name":"Calibration","score":0.7182999849319458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anechoic-chamber","display_name":"Anechoic chamber","score":0.678600013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.5940999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.5055999755859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.4934999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam","display_name":"Beam (structure)","score":0.45509999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplifier","display_name":"Amplifier","score":0.3822999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.3734999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-antenna","display_name":"Smart antenna","score":0.3662000000476837}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.7182999849319458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7038000226020813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149712133","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332774","display_name":"Anechoic chamber","level":2,"score":0.678600013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.5940999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.5092999935150146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.5055999755859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.4934999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168834538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3705329","display_name":"Beam (structure)","level":2,"score":0.45509999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194257627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211554","display_name":"Amplifier","level":3,"score":0.3822999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.3734999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143635782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1187868","display_name":"Smart antenna","level":4,"score":0.3662000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151764478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q571921","display_name":"Radiation pattern","level":3,"score":0.3546000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3467000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131584629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4308705","display_name":"Coupling (piping)","level":2,"score":0.32440000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.3140999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.30979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780898871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Performance metric","level":2,"score":0.3061000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2969000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62191587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4771249","display_name":"Antenna array","level":3,"score":0.29089999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167928553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1376021","display_name":"Estimation theory","level":2,"score":0.2851000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.2782000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143148639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4876192","display_name":"Beam steering","level":3,"score":0.27140000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.2685000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64671776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q769152","display_name":"Directional antenna","level":3,"score":0.2678000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16345878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107472979","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","level":2,"score":0.2556000053882599}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2026.3687249","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2026.3687249","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire/37e43d29-7750-49a3-b03e-041099c7fc29","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://vbn.aau.dk/da/publications/37e43d29-7750-49a3-b03e-041099c7fc29","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401731","display_name":"VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I891191580","host_organization_name":"Aalborg University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Chen, H, Li, M, Pourafzal, A, Huang, H, Ge, Y, Petersen, S S, Shen, M, Alexandropoulos, G C & Wymeersch, H 2026, 'Mismatch Analysis and Cooperative Calibration of Array Beam Patterns for ISAC Systems', IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 25, pp. 16496-16511. https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2026.3687249","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2026.3687249","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2026.3687249","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4075431823730469,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5468465088","display_name":"6G-DISAC: 6G for Distributed Intelligent Sensing and Communication","funder_award_id":"101139130","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8768337708","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"VIL59841","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310490","funder_display_name":"Villum Fonden"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310490","display_name":"Villum Fonden","ror":"https://ror.org/007ww2d15"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Integrated":[0],"sensing":[1,22,77],"and":[2,36,38,44,58,96,126,129,138,171],"communication":[3],"(ISAC)":[4],"is":[5,24,94,108],"a":[6,11,76,79,99,104],"key":[7],"technology":[8],"for":[9,68,85],"enabling":[10],"wide":[12],"range":[13],"of":[14,63],"applications":[15],"in":[16,148,167,176],"future":[17],"wireless":[18],"systems.":[19,70],"However,":[20],"the":[21,51,60,117,122,156],"performance":[23,54,81],"often":[25],"degraded":[26],"by":[27,31],"model":[28],"mismatches":[29],"caused":[30],"geometric":[32],"errors":[33],"(e.g.,":[34,41],"position":[35],"orientation)":[37],"hardware":[39],"impairments":[40],"mutual":[42],"coupling":[43],"amplifier":[45],"non-linearity).":[46],"This":[47],"paper":[48],"focuses":[49],"on":[50,121],"angle":[52,86,157],"estimation":[53,87,158],"with":[55],"antenna":[56],"arrays":[57],"tackles":[59],"critical":[61],"challenge":[62],"array":[64],"beam":[65,91,118,144],"pattern":[66,92,119,145],"calibration":[67,73,106,133,169,178],"ISAC":[69],"To":[71],"assess":[72],"quality":[74],"from":[75,163,172],"perspective,":[78],"novel":[80],"metric":[82],"that":[83,155],"accounts":[84],"error,":[88],"rather":[89],"than":[90],"similarity,":[93],"proposed":[95,123,136],"incorporated":[97],"into":[98],"differentiable":[100],"loss":[101,124],"function.":[102],"Additionally,":[103],"cooperative":[105],"framework":[107],"introduced,":[109],"allowing":[110],"multiple":[111],"user":[112],"equipments":[113],"to":[114,165,174],"iteratively":[115],"optimize":[116],"based":[120],"functions":[125],"local":[127],"data,":[128],"collaboratively":[130],"update":[131],"global":[132],"parameters.":[134],"The":[135],"models":[137],"algorithms":[139],"are":[140],"validated":[141],"using":[142],"real-world":[143],"measurements":[146],"collected":[147],"an":[149],"anechoic":[150],"chamber.":[151],"Experimental":[152],"results":[153],"show":[154],"error":[159],"can":[160],"be":[161],"reduced":[162],"1.01\u25e6":[164],"0.11\u25e6":[166],"2D":[168],"scenarios,":[170],"5.19\u25e6":[173],"0.86\u25e6":[175],"3D":[177],"scenarios.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-08T13:12:06.581006","created_date":"2026-05-06T00:00:00"}
