{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7154953959","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2026.3681791","title":"Adaptive Codebook Design and Beam Training for RIS-Aided Communication Systems With Hardware Constraints","display_name":"Adaptive Codebook Design and Beam Training for RIS-Aided Communication Systems With Hardware Constraints","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7154953959","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2026.3681791"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2026.3681791","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2026.3681791","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128014286","display_name":"J Gao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiahao Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Photonics and Communications, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9534-6562","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Photonics and Communications, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012112103","display_name":"Shuhao Zeng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4534-6702"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuhao Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4534-6702","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025572015","display_name":"Boya Di","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3484-1361"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Boya Di","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Photonics and Communications, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3484-1361","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Photonics and Communications, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100569445","display_name":"Lin Chang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lin Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Photonics and Communications, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Photonics and Communications, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075134790","display_name":"Lianlin Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2295-4425"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lianlin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Photonics and Communications, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2295-4425","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Photonics and Communications, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027331226","display_name":"Wei Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3122-5937"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391768253","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves","ror":"https://ror.org/02q1v5910","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391768253","https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Xiang Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radio Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3122-5937","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radio Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877","https://openalex.org/I4391768253"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102012574","display_name":"Lingyang Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8644-8241"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lingyang Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Photonics and Communications, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8644-8241","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Photonics and Communications, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.62145581,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":null,"first_page":"15348","last_page":"15362"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.27090001106262207,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.27090001106262207,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10125","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Techniques","score":0.21220000088214874,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11034","display_name":"Digital Filter Design and Implementation","score":0.04320000112056732,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/codebook","display_name":"Codebook","score":0.9038000106811523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","score":0.5651999711990356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communications-system","display_name":"Communications system","score":0.5375999808311462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.38600000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam","display_name":"Beam (structure)","score":0.3262999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-design","display_name":"Systems design","score":0.30660000443458557}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127759330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q637416","display_name":"Codebook","level":2,"score":0.9038000106811523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7608000040054321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.5651999711990356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101765175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577764","display_name":"Communications system","level":2,"score":0.5375999808311462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.5101000070571899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.38600000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3325999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168834538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3705329","display_name":"Beam (structure)","level":2,"score":0.3262999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31352089","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3750474","display_name":"Systems design","level":2,"score":0.30660000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28855332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q198099","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.29829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.2957000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.2879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2809000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.27869999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.2727000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173018170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165678","display_name":"Microcontroller","level":2,"score":0.25949999690055847}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2026.3681791","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2026.3681791","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3941739226","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62401024","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W948366128","https://openalex.org/W2141682101","https://openalex.org/W2289032126","https://openalex.org/W2905419086","https://openalex.org/W2953984813","https://openalex.org/W2970297297","https://openalex.org/W2972524611","https://openalex.org/W2981096252","https://openalex.org/W2984937369","https://openalex.org/W2995554704","https://openalex.org/W3013719647","https://openalex.org/W3043220753","https://openalex.org/W3083569984","https://openalex.org/W3120933985","https://openalex.org/W3199802483","https://openalex.org/W3203630573","https://openalex.org/W3204184545","https://openalex.org/W3209113411","https://openalex.org/W4296437982","https://openalex.org/W4313001863","https://openalex.org/W4323022492","https://openalex.org/W4377235263","https://openalex.org/W4386231167","https://openalex.org/W4388739171","https://openalex.org/W4391547880","https://openalex.org/W4401208621","https://openalex.org/W4407128013","https://openalex.org/W4408100273","https://openalex.org/W4409014176","https://openalex.org/W4416214707","https://openalex.org/W7082641349","https://openalex.org/W7118612464"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Reconfigurable":[0],"intelligent":[1],"surface":[2],"(RIS)":[3],"has":[4,35],"emerged":[5],"as":[6,68],"a":[7,130,165,193,208,229],"promising":[8],"solution":[9],"to":[10,48,144,154,172,233],"enable":[11],"ultra-massive":[12],"multiple-input":[13],"multiple-output":[14],"(MIMO)":[15],"for":[16,38],"6G":[17],"wireless":[18,213],"communications.":[19],"To":[20,102,185],"direct":[21],"the":[22,51,56,61,65,69,97,111,121,138,156,159,181,188,234],"transmitted":[23],"beam":[24,33,58,88,92,99,116,147,163,167,176,182],"towards":[25],"users":[26],"with":[27,45,149,196],"low":[28,225],"pilot":[29],"overhead,":[30],"multi-resolution":[31,112],"codebook-based":[32],"training":[34,100,117,168,183,226],"been":[36,80],"proposed":[37,171,189],"RIS-aided":[39,212],"communication":[40,214],"systems,":[41],"which":[42,83],"employs":[43],"codewords":[44],"varying":[46],"beamwidths":[47],"progressively":[49],"narrow":[50],"search":[52,93,177,236],"range":[53],"and":[54,75,90,115,206,217,228],"identify":[55],"optimal":[57],"direction.":[59],"However,":[60],"hardware":[62,123],"constraints":[63,124],"of":[64,158],"RIS":[66,122,139,195],"such":[67],"limited":[70],"control":[71],"capability,":[72],"mutual":[73],"coupling":[74],"manufacturing":[76],"tolerances":[77],"have":[78],"not":[79],"fully":[81],"considered,":[82],"may":[84],"result":[85],"in":[86,106,162],"non-ideal":[87],"patterns":[89],"misleading":[91],"directions,":[94,178],"thereby":[95,179],"degrading":[96],"overall":[98],"performance.":[101],"address":[103],"this":[104,107],"issue,":[105],"paper,":[108],"we":[109,128,191],"revisit":[110],"codebook":[113],"design":[114],"scheme":[118,169],"by":[119],"taking":[120],"into":[125],"account.":[126],"First,":[127],"propose":[129],"wide-beam":[131],"generation":[132],"method":[133],"via":[134],"multi-beam":[135],"superposition,":[136],"where":[137],"reflection":[140],"coefficients":[141],"are":[142],"optimized":[143],"achieve":[145],"high":[146],"gain":[148],"suppressed":[150],"undesired":[151],"fluctuations.":[152],"Then,":[153],"mitigate":[155],"impact":[157],"residual":[160],"fluctuations":[161],"patterns,":[164],"posterior-based":[166],"is":[170],"adaptively":[173],"correct":[174],"erroneous":[175],"improving":[180],"accuracy.":[184],"experimentally":[186],"evaluate":[187],"scheme,":[190],"implement":[192],"prototype":[194],"<inline-formula":[197],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[198],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[199],"<tex-math":[200],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$32\\times":[201],"32$":[202],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[203],"reflective":[204],"elements":[205],"deploy":[207],"26":[209],"GHz":[210],"millimeter-wave":[211],"testbed.":[215],"Numerical":[216],"experimental":[218],"results":[219],"indicate":[220],"that":[221],"our":[222],"approach":[223],"achieves":[224],"overhead":[227],"data":[230],"rate":[231],"close":[232],"exhaustive":[235],"method.":[237]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-04-21T00:00:00"}