{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7140326083","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2026.3675350","title":"Multi-BS PHD-SLAM: A Computationally Efficient EKF-LoS/NLoS Fusion Framework for RF Sensing","display_name":"Multi-BS PHD-SLAM: A Computationally Efficient EKF-LoS/NLoS Fusion Framework for RF Sensing","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7140326083","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2026.3675350"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2026.3675350","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2026.3675350","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130541637","display_name":"Tao Du","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tao Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128025714","display_name":"Jie Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123940","display_name":"Ministry of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/02xv42m49","country_code":"PT","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117458","https://openalex.org/I4210123940"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Measurement and Control of Complex Systems of Engineering, the Ministry of Education, and the Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Measurement and Control of Complex Systems of Engineering, the Ministry of Education, and the Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123940"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047661959","display_name":"Hang Que","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6651-9214"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hang Que","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024436944","display_name":"Chao-Kai Wen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5952-232X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142974352","display_name":"National Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mjawt10","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142974352"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao-Kai Wen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Communications Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Communications Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142974352"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060590061","display_name":"Shuqiang Xia","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098582","display_name":"ZTE (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00rjhhq63","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098582"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuqiang Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["ZTE Corporation, Shenzhen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ZTE Corporation, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098582"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030334551","display_name":"Christos Masouros","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8259-6615"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christos Masouros","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130594679","display_name":"Shi Jin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shi Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering and the Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering and the Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5130541637"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91734093,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":null,"first_page":"14152","last_page":"14165"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11739","display_name":"Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis","score":0.11659999936819077,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11739","display_name":"Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis","score":0.11659999936819077,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.06880000233650208,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.061799999326467514,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"Sensor fusion","score":0.39309999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion","display_name":"Fusion","score":0.3698999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.3598000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-frequency","display_name":"Radio frequency","score":0.35659998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-processing","display_name":"Signal processing","score":0.3264000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-to-noise-ratio","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","score":0.32440000772476196}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6699000000953674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.39309999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.3698999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.3598000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.35749998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.35659998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.3264000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.32440000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3118000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2858000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.2831000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106516650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm design","level":2,"score":0.2743000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2728999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988995629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2915729","display_name":"Matrix algebra","level":3,"score":0.2597000002861023}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2026.3675350","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2026.3675350","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1985621395","https://openalex.org/W1991056455","https://openalex.org/W1999565686","https://openalex.org/W2014787937","https://openalex.org/W2078742450","https://openalex.org/W2114005163","https://openalex.org/W2137585588","https://openalex.org/W2169346523","https://openalex.org/W2585774546","https://openalex.org/W2621353151","https://openalex.org/W2744447275","https://openalex.org/W2750116425","https://openalex.org/W2903854276","https://openalex.org/W2912137037","https://openalex.org/W2963114949","https://openalex.org/W2976764014","https://openalex.org/W3001909141","https://openalex.org/W3012322915","https://openalex.org/W3045922638","https://openalex.org/W3124778572","https://openalex.org/W3175374502","https://openalex.org/W3194620979","https://openalex.org/W3196708299","https://openalex.org/W3213070675","https://openalex.org/W4214816190","https://openalex.org/W4281642191","https://openalex.org/W4316661003","https://openalex.org/W4323338682","https://openalex.org/W4323345732","https://openalex.org/W4327928003","https://openalex.org/W4384162015","https://openalex.org/W4386473167","https://openalex.org/W4387869599","https://openalex.org/W4391365566","https://openalex.org/W4391743137","https://openalex.org/W4392940181","https://openalex.org/W4393372126","https://openalex.org/W4399619622","https://openalex.org/W4403125967","https://openalex.org/W4403722493","https://openalex.org/W4404788067"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Integrated":[0],"Sensing":[1],"and":[2,12,26,35,55,71,81,162,190,197,205],"Communication":[3],"(ISAC)":[4],"has":[5],"the":[6,40,49,65,104,133,152,169,192,210],"potential":[7],"to":[8,53,94,123,150],"enhance":[9],"both":[10],"energy":[11],"spectral":[13],"efficiency":[14,189],"in":[15,38,59],"modern":[16],"communication":[17],"systems.":[18],"Although":[19],"Probability":[20],"Hypothesis":[21],"Density":[22],"(PHD)-based":[23],"Simultaneous":[24],"Localization":[25],"Mapping":[27],"(SLAM)":[28],"is":[29,92,110,121],"a":[30,116],"key":[31],"algorithm":[32],"for":[33,78,83,100,102,141,200],"positioning":[34],"environmental":[36],"mapping":[37],"ISAC,":[39],"advantages":[41],"of":[42,68,136,154,165,172,195],"multi-base-station":[43],"(multi-BS)":[44],"fusion":[45,58,146,181,214],"remain":[46],"underexplored,":[47],"despite":[48],"considerable":[50],"attention":[51],"given":[52],"multi-sensor":[54],"multi-user":[56],"data":[57,199],"existing":[60],"research.":[61],"This":[62],"paper":[63],"leverages":[64],"distinct":[66],"roles":[67],"Line-of-Sight":[69],"(LoS)":[70],"Non-Line-of-Sight":[72],"(NLoS)":[73],"channel":[74],"parameters,":[75],"employing":[76],"LoS":[77,96,196,213],"agent":[79,175],"localization":[80],"NLoS":[82,198],"environment":[84],"mapping.":[85],"An":[86],"Extended":[87],"Kalman":[88],"Filter":[89],"(EKF)":[90],"framework":[91],"proposed":[93,211],"fuse":[95],"path":[97],"angle":[98],"parameters":[99],"localization,":[101],"which":[103],"corresponding":[105],"Cram\u00e9r-Rao":[106],"Lower":[107],"Bound":[108],"(CRLB)":[109],"derived.":[111],"To":[112,167],"facilitate":[113],"landmark":[114],"mapping,":[115],"virtual":[117,139],"reference":[118],"point":[119],"(VRP)":[120],"introduced":[122],"model":[124],"reflecting":[125],"surfaces":[126],"consistently":[127],"across":[128],"base":[129],"stations":[130],"(BSs),":[131],"replacing":[132],"conventional":[134],"approach":[135],"using":[137],"multiple":[138,142],"anchors":[140],"BSs.":[143],"Furthermore,":[144],"map":[145],"algorithms":[147],"are":[148,182],"developed":[149],"address":[151],"challenges":[153],"merging":[155],"PHD-SLAM":[156],"maps":[157],"with":[158],"varying":[159],"observation":[160],"quality":[161],"overlapping":[163],"fields":[164],"view.":[166],"reduce":[168],"computational":[170,223],"complexity":[171],"particle-based":[173],"PHD-SLAM,":[174],"location":[176],"estimates":[177],"derived":[178],"from":[179],"EKF":[180],"used":[183],"as":[184],"priors,":[185],"significantly":[186,216],"improving":[187],"particle":[188],"enabling":[191],"unified":[193],"exploitation":[194],"comprehensive":[201],"situational":[202],"awareness.":[203],"Simulation":[204],"experimental":[206],"results":[207],"confirm":[208],"that":[209],"EKF-based":[212],"strategy":[215],"improves":[217],"sensing":[218],"performance":[219],"while":[220],"maintaining":[221],"low":[222],"overhead.":[224]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2026-03-26T00:00:00"}