{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7135075043","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2026.3670412","title":"Reinforcement Learning With Conformal Symplectic Optimization for Aerial RIS-Aided Secure Communication","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning With Conformal Symplectic Optimization for Aerial RIS-Aided Secure Communication","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7135075043","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2026.3670412"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2026.3670412","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2026.3670412","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089925486","display_name":"Zhongming Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7785-2178"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151727225","display_name":"Harbin Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x80pn82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhongming Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7785-2178","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002200026","display_name":"Qiling Gao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151727225","display_name":"Harbin Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x80pn82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiling Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4923-6422","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128821492","display_name":"Haoran Zha","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151727225","display_name":"Harbin Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x80pn82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haoran Zha","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5336-3919","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100778980","display_name":"Yun Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4002-1282"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151727225","display_name":"Harbin Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x80pn82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yun Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4002-1282","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128812927","display_name":"Yuanwei Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuanwei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6389-8941","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128844197","display_name":"Dusit Niyato","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dusit Niyato","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computing and Data Science, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7442-7416","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing and Data Science, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128876567","display_name":"Marco Di Renzo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210097418","display_name":"Laboratoire des signaux et syst\u00e8mes","ror":"https://ror.org/00skw9v43","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I277688954","https://openalex.org/I277688954","https://openalex.org/I4210097418","https://openalex.org/I4210107720"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Di Renzo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Université Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, Laboratoire des Signaux et Systémes, Gif-sur-Yvette, France"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0772-8793","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Université Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, Laboratoire des Signaux et Systémes, Gif-sur-Yvette, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210097418"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.23887393,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":null,"first_page":"13560","last_page":"13574"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9294999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9294999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.05700000002980232,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.0019000000320374966,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.5830000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel-state-information","display_name":"Channel state information","score":0.5690000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5268999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.4733999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.44269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.4259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimization-problem","display_name":"Optimization problem","score":0.3935999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gradient-descent","display_name":"Gradient descent","score":0.3474000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asynchronous-communication","display_name":"Asynchronous communication","score":0.3422999978065491}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7652999758720398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.5830000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148063708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5072511","display_name":"Channel state information","level":3,"score":0.5690000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5268999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.4733999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.44269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.4259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.3935999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.37860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153258448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1199743","display_name":"Gradient descent","level":3,"score":0.3474000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151319957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752739","display_name":"Asynchronous communication","level":2,"score":0.3422999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98214594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850275","display_name":"Conformal map","level":2,"score":0.33709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.326200008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57869625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783502","display_name":"Rate of convergence","level":3,"score":0.3255999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.32350000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.3188000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102168758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7321258","display_name":"Beacon","level":2,"score":0.31189998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.30649998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778156585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174053","display_name":"Relay","level":3,"score":0.30300000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.29809999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780909371","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4801092","display_name":"Artificial noise","level":4,"score":0.29179999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.2745000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519991488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865","display_name":"Python (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.26840001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2653000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.2596000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.2567000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.25589999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98083399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246517","display_name":"Underwater","level":2,"score":0.2538999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.2526000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.25060001015663147}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2026.3670412","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2026.3670412","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dr.ntu.edu.sg:10356/212032","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10356/212032","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402609","display_name":"DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","host_organization_name":"Nanyang Technological University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8972299098968506,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4718972896","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U23A20271","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5642121882","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62501184","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"investigates":[2],"a":[3,40,83,123,200],"secure":[4],"aerial":[5,27],"reconfigurable":[6],"intelligent":[7],"surface":[8],"(A-RIS)":[9],"communication":[10],"system,":[11],"where":[12],"user":[13,68],"mobility,":[14],"imperfect":[15],"channel":[16],"state":[17,163],"information":[18],"(CSI),":[19],"and":[20,53,71,133,142,159,165,183,195,198,208],"RIS":[21,220],"phase":[22,130,140,193],"errors":[23,194],"induced":[24],"by":[25],"unmanned":[26],"vehicle":[28],"(UAV)":[29],"jitter":[30],"significantly":[31,173],"degrade":[32],"performance.":[33,185],"To":[34,75],"address":[35],"these":[36],"challenges,":[37],"we":[38,50,81,106,146],"formulate":[39],"joint":[41],"optimization":[42],"problem":[43],"for":[44],"UAV":[45,72,157],"trajectory,":[46],"base":[47],"station":[48],"(BS)":[49],"propose":[51,82],"abeamforming,":[52],"A-RIS":[54],"beamforming":[55,190],"to":[56,65,154],"maximize":[57],"the":[58,92,108,119,217],"minimum":[59],"secrecy":[60,69,205],"energy":[61,73],"efficiency":[62],"(SEE),":[63],"subject":[64],"constraints":[66],"on":[67,91],"rates":[70],"efficiency.":[74],"solve":[76],"this":[77],"highly":[78],"non-convex":[79],"problem,":[80],"novel":[84,103],"reinforcement":[85],"learning":[86,120],"framework":[87],"termed":[88],"IA-CSORL":[89,172,187],"based":[90],"twin-twin-delayed":[93],"deep":[94],"deterministic":[95],"policy":[96],"gradient":[97],"(TTD3)":[98],"architecture,":[99],"which":[100,117],"incorporates":[101],"two":[102],"modules.":[104],"Specifically,":[105],"develop":[107],"phase-aware":[109],"relativistic":[110],"adaptive":[111,134],"descent":[112],"(PRAD)":[113],"algorithm":[114],"is":[115],"proposed,":[116],"embeds":[118],"process":[121],"into":[122],"conformal":[124],"Hamiltonian":[125],"system.":[126],"By":[127],"integrating":[128],"gradient-based":[129],"error":[131],"correction":[132],"momentum":[135],"adjustment,":[136],"PRAD":[137],"effectively":[138],"counteracts":[139],"noise":[141],"stabilizes":[143],"training.":[144],"Furthermore,":[145],"design":[147],"an":[148],"environment-state":[149],"interactive":[150],"attention":[151],"(ESIA)":[152],"mechanism":[153],"dynamically":[155],"fuse":[156],"positioning":[158],"environmental":[160],"features,":[161],"enhancing":[162],"representation":[164],"deployment":[166],"accuracy.":[167],"Numerical":[168],"results":[169],"demonstrate":[170],"that":[171],"outperforms":[174],"existing":[175],"RL":[176],"baselines":[177],"in":[178],"terms":[179],"of":[180,219],"both":[181],"robustness":[182],"convergence":[184],"Moreover,":[186],"achieves":[188],"superior":[189],"accuracy":[191],"under":[192],"CSI":[196],"imperfections":[197],"provides":[199],"better":[201],"trade-off":[202],"between":[203],"sum":[204],"rate":[206],"(SSR)":[207],"SEE,":[209],"with":[210],"performance":[211],"gains":[212],"becoming":[213],"more":[214],"significant":[215],"as":[216],"number":[218],"elements":[221],"increases.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-14T06:41:57.775601","created_date":"2026-03-13T00:00:00"}