{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7134135643","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2026.3668103","title":"Two-Timescale Optimization for Aerial Rotatable Antenna Array in Cell-Free Networks With Dynamic Users","display_name":"Two-Timescale Optimization for Aerial Rotatable Antenna Array in Cell-Free Networks With Dynamic Users","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7134135643","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2026.3668103"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2026.3668103","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2026.3668103","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100396383","display_name":"Wen Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1527-5966"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155350","display_name":"Purple Mountain Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/04zcbk583","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wen Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pervasive Communications Center, Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1527-5966","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pervasive Communications Center, Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128279505","display_name":"Yongming Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155350","display_name":"Purple Mountain Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/04zcbk583","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongming Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pervasive Communications Center, Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3616-4616","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pervasive Communications Center, Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042930332","display_name":"Wanli Ni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0436-2685"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wanli Ni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0436-2685","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128317267","display_name":"Cheng Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155350","display_name":"Purple Mountain Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/04zcbk583","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pervasive Communications Center, Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2663-4207","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pervasive Communications Center, Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128315721","display_name":"Dongming Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155350","display_name":"Purple Mountain Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/04zcbk583","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongming Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pervasive Communications Center, Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2762-6567","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pervasive Communications Center, Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.35922187,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":null,"first_page":"13181","last_page":"13198"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.6474999785423279,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.6474999785423279,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.18639999628067017,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.07090000063180923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.7092000246047974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reconfigurability","display_name":"Reconfigurability","score":0.5403000116348267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.4489000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robust-optimization","display_name":"Robust optimization","score":0.44119998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.43389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.4271000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backhaul","display_name":"Backhaul (telecommunications)","score":0.4221000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel-state-information","display_name":"Channel state information","score":0.41110000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.3968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cellular-network","display_name":"Cellular network","score":0.3846000134944916}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8177000284194946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.7092000246047974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780149590","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7302742","display_name":"Reconfigurability","level":2,"score":0.5403000116348267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.45660001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.4489000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193254401","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2160088","display_name":"Robust optimization","level":2,"score":0.44119998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.43389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.4271000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103760667","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q798444","display_name":"Backhaul (telecommunications)","level":3,"score":0.4221000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148063708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5072511","display_name":"Channel state information","level":3,"score":0.41110000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.3968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.3846000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.3723999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.3666999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62191587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4771249","display_name":"Antenna array","level":3,"score":0.3637999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776514898","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7631141","display_name":"Subframe","level":3,"score":0.35760000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.3513999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131369404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554278","display_name":"Reconfigurable antenna","level":5,"score":0.3476000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.34299999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199845137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145490","display_name":"Network topology","level":2,"score":0.3314000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.31869998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.3158999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143635782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1187868","display_name":"Smart antenna","level":4,"score":0.3149000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64671776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q769152","display_name":"Directional antenna","level":3,"score":0.31049999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2982854036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference alignment","level":4,"score":0.3100999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143148639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4876192","display_name":"Beam steering","level":3,"score":0.3075000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.28929999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37404715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380679","display_name":"Dynamic programming","level":2,"score":0.28600001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24027999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2176348","display_name":"Omnidirectional antenna","level":3,"score":0.28519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158207573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5747224","display_name":"Heterogeneous network","level":4,"score":0.28450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157607044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165851","display_name":"Control channel","level":3,"score":0.2791999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.27090001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.25940001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130120984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2835898","display_name":"Distributed algorithm","level":2,"score":0.25600001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.2540000081062317}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2026.3668103","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2026.3668103","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G270324517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20250291","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334982","funder_display_name":"Basic Research Program of Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2981747245","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2025ZD1305000","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329860","funder_display_name":"National Science and Technology Major Project"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3385502943","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62501655","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3454792046","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20240174","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334982","funder_display_name":"Basic Research Program of Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3909437092","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BM2023016","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334982","funder_display_name":"Basic Research Program of Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6710891057","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62271140","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8948146486","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2025ZD1302500","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329860","funder_display_name":"National Science and Technology Major Project"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G900479562","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62225107","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329860","display_name":"National Science and Technology Major Project","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334982","display_name":"Basic Research Program of Jiangsu Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W653761051","https://openalex.org/W2024060531","https://openalex.org/W2038127484","https://openalex.org/W2081346399","https://openalex.org/W2092792265","https://openalex.org/W2152195021","https://openalex.org/W2286275639","https://openalex.org/W2593893328","https://openalex.org/W2900895932","https://openalex.org/W2982095652","https://openalex.org/W3027978347","https://openalex.org/W3157945111","https://openalex.org/W3210857146","https://openalex.org/W4244096180","https://openalex.org/W4254299531","https://openalex.org/W4281940254","https://openalex.org/W4384158362","https://openalex.org/W4387682359","https://openalex.org/W4389610267","https://openalex.org/W4389934310","https://openalex.org/W4391467973","https://openalex.org/W4391547801","https://openalex.org/W4394940094","https://openalex.org/W4399469378","https://openalex.org/W4400351173","https://openalex.org/W4402159501","https://openalex.org/W4404410614","https://openalex.org/W4406367783","https://openalex.org/W4406610356","https://openalex.org/W4407639535","https://openalex.org/W4408145283","https://openalex.org/W4408325506","https://openalex.org/W4408697779","https://openalex.org/W4409014629","https://openalex.org/W4409325919","https://openalex.org/W4409494044","https://openalex.org/W4410614057","https://openalex.org/W4410950104","https://openalex.org/W4411144106","https://openalex.org/W4411270262","https://openalex.org/W4411336949","https://openalex.org/W4413639554","https://openalex.org/W4415707050","https://openalex.org/W7092294665"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cell-free":[0],"(CF)":[1],"networks":[2,26],"have":[3],"attracted":[4],"increasing":[5],"attention":[6],"for":[7,197],"their":[8],"effectiveness":[9],"in":[10,220,227],"mitigating":[11],"inter-cell":[12],"interference":[13,86],"through":[14],"cooperative":[15],"transmission":[16],"among":[17],"distributed":[18],"access":[19],"points":[20],"(APs).":[21],"However,":[22,92],"conventional":[23],"terrestrial":[24],"CF":[25,46],"often":[27],"lack":[28],"spatial":[29,73],"flexibility":[30],"and":[31,88,117,143,163,178,200,213,225],"struggle":[32],"to":[33,35,96],"adapt":[34],"dynamic":[36,89,228],"environments.":[37,229],"To":[38,125],"overcome":[39],"these":[40,127],"limitations,":[41],"we":[42,129],"propose":[43],"a":[44,56,131,152,174,181],"new":[45],"network":[47,212],"served":[48],"by":[49,190],"unmanned":[50],"aerial":[51,82,99],"vehicles":[52],"(UAVs)":[53],"equipped":[54],"with":[55,63],"three-dimensional":[57],"(3D)":[58],"rotatable":[59,100],"antenna":[60,101],"array.":[61],"Combined":[62],"the":[64,69,76,150,167,210],"UAV\u2019s":[65],"controllable":[66],"3D":[67],"position,":[68,142],"resulting":[70],"six-dimensional":[71],"(6D)":[72],"reconfigurability":[74],"enables":[75],"active":[77],"beam":[78],"steering":[79],"of":[80,222],"such":[81,108],"APs,":[83],"thereby":[84],"enhancing":[85],"mitigation":[87],"user":[90,115],"association.":[91],"this":[93],"design,":[94],"referred":[95],"as":[97,109,173],"6D":[98],"arrays":[102],"(6DARAs),":[103],"faces":[104],"several":[105],"critical":[106],"challenges,":[107],"high-dimensional":[110],"coupled":[111],"control":[112,139],"variables,":[113],"time-varying":[114],"positions,":[116],"increased":[118],"channel":[119],"state":[120],"information":[121],"(CSI)":[122],"estimation":[123],"overhead.":[124],"address":[126],"issues,":[128],"develop":[130],"two-timescale":[132],"optimization":[133,214],"framework":[134,215],"that":[135,209],"separates":[136],"large-timescale":[137],"6DARA":[138,169,186],"(i.e.,":[140],"clustering,":[141],"rotation)":[144],"from":[145],"small-timescale":[146],"signal":[147],"processing.":[148],"At":[149,166],"small-timescale,":[151],"closed-form":[153],"team":[154],"minimum":[155],"mean-squared":[156],"error":[157],"decoder":[158],"is":[159,171,188],"derived":[160],"using":[161],"local":[162,175],"statistical":[164],"CSI.":[165],"large-timescale,":[168],"clustering":[170],"modeled":[172],"altruistic":[176],"game":[177],"solved":[179],"via":[180],"concurrent":[182],"update":[183],"algorithm,":[184],"while":[185],"mobility":[187],"managed":[189],"an":[191],"enhanced":[192],"multi-agent":[193],"reinforcement":[194],"learning":[195],"algorithm":[196],"efficient":[198],"position":[199],"rotation":[201],"adaptation":[202],"under":[203],"partial":[204],"observability.":[205],"Simulation":[206],"results":[207],"demonstrate":[208],"proposed":[211],"significantly":[216],"outperform":[217],"existing":[218],"baselines":[219],"terms":[221],"throughput,":[223],"scalability,":[224],"robustness":[226]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-27T08:26:11.824852","created_date":"2026-03-08T00:00:00"}