{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7130589634","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2026.3663622","title":"Self-Sustainable Active Metasurface (SAM): Reliable and Secure Communications","display_name":"Self-Sustainable Active Metasurface (SAM): Reliable and Secure Communications","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7130589634","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2026.3663622"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2026.3663622","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2026.3663622","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032575053","display_name":"Kunrui Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1950-6901"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kunrui Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Support Force Engineering University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1950-6901","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Support Force Engineering University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124054743","display_name":"Siyu Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siyu Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Support Force Engineering University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6188-9198","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Support Force Engineering University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050704435","display_name":"Panagiotis D. Diamantoulakis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7795-8311"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21370196","display_name":"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki","ror":"https://ror.org/02j61yw88","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Panagiotis D. Diamantoulakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7795-8311","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030644206","display_name":"Chenhao Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3616-4014"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenhao Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Support Force Engineering University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Support Force Engineering University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076085397","display_name":"Beixiong Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2374-9263"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Beixiong Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2374-9263","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126376468","display_name":"Xingwang Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166499","display_name":"Henan Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vr1c885","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166499"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xingwang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physics and Electronic Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0907-6517","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics and Electronic Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166499"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126379628","display_name":"Chau Yuen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chau Yuen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9307-2120","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.828,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92377468,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":null,"first_page":"12325","last_page":"12340"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.00139999995008111,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10245","display_name":"Metamaterials and Metasurfaces Applications","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-harvesting","display_name":"Energy harvesting","score":0.6628999710083008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.6053000092506409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.5688999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.49050000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplifier","display_name":"Amplifier","score":0.4787999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.4778999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.44119998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplicative-function","display_name":"Multiplicative function","score":0.4228000044822693}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7803999781608582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101518730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q930236","display_name":"Energy harvesting","level":3,"score":0.6628999710083008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.6053000092506409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.5688999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.49050000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194257627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211554","display_name":"Amplifier","level":3,"score":0.4787999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4778999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.44119998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42747912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1048447","display_name":"Multiplicative function","level":2,"score":0.4228000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.40540000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.3612000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.33480000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3271999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778258436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30672262","display_name":"Outage probability","level":4,"score":0.32019999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.2978000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.2892000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.28870001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2743000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96608239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1199823","display_name":"Statistical power","level":2,"score":0.262800008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.2581999897956848}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2026.3663622","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2026.3663622","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dr.ntu.edu.sg:10356/212116","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10356/212116","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402609","display_name":"DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","host_organization_name":"Nanyang Technological University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4069362428","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62101560","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5185030812","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"252300421510","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323845","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G531055343","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62371457","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5982227285","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"12204539","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6330862013","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62571182","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8154999967","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62571193","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323845","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,186],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,95],"propose":[4,67,96],"a":[5,153],"new":[6,98],"concept":[7],"of":[8,18,23,30,202,228,238,248],"self-sustainable":[9,141,190],"active":[10,26],"metasurface":[11,27],"(SAM),":[12],"which":[13],"exploits":[14],"the":[15,128,157,162,182,200,203,212,219,222,226,234,245],"dual":[16],"advantages":[17],"energy":[19,73,111,224],"harvesting":[20,63,74],"in":[21,28,175],"terms":[22,29],"self-sustainability":[24,61],"and":[25,37,45,59,75,89,109,117,120,145,150,171,194,206,216,225,236,240],"information":[31,76],"transmission,":[32],"to":[33,71,140,189,244],"achieve":[34,60],"continuous":[35],"operation":[36,69],"flexible":[38],"deployment":[39],"for":[40,78,127],"reconfigurable":[41],"intelligent":[42],"surface":[43],"(RIS)":[44],"simultaneously":[46],"mitigate":[47],"its":[48],"multiplicative":[49],"fading.":[50],"SAM":[51,83,87,92,217],"can":[52],"enhance":[53],"incident":[54],"signals":[55],"via":[56],"power":[57],"amplifiers":[58],"by":[62],"ambient":[64],"energy.":[65],"We":[66],"three":[68,97,129,158],"schemes":[70,131],"implement":[72],"transmission":[77],"SAM,":[79],"namely,":[80,100],"time-switching":[81],"based":[82,86,91],"(TS-SAM),":[84],"power-splitting":[85],"(PS-SAM),":[88],"element-splitting":[90],"(ES-SAM).":[93],"Then,":[94],"metrics,":[99],"energy-information":[101,105],"outage":[102],"probability":[103,107],"(EIOP),":[104],"intercept":[106],"(EIIP),":[108],"secure":[110],"efficiency":[112],"ratio":[113],"(SEER).":[114],"The":[115,135],"accurate":[116,125],"asymptotic":[118],"EIOP":[119,164,235],"EIIP":[121,237],"as":[122,124],"well":[123],"SEER":[126],"proposed":[130,204],"are":[132,231,242],"analyzed,":[133],"respectively.":[134],"results":[136],"show":[137],"that":[138],"compared":[139,188],"passive":[142,191],"RIS,":[143,192],"TS-SAM":[144,170,193,205,239],"ES-SAM":[146,172,195,241],"have":[147,196],"better":[148,154,174,197],"EIOPs,":[149],"PS-SAM":[151,160,180],"has":[152],"EIIP.":[155],"Among":[156,208],"schemes,":[159],"achieves":[161],"best":[163],"at":[165],"low":[166],"RF":[167],"energy,":[168],"while":[169],"perform":[173],"high-energy":[176],"scenarios.":[177],"For":[178],"EIIP,":[179],"outperforms":[181],"other":[183],"two":[184],"schemes.":[185],"particular,":[187],"SEERs,":[198],"verifying":[199],"superiority":[201],"ES-SAM.":[207],"all":[209],"inter-node":[210],"distances,":[211],"distance":[213],"between":[214],"user":[215],"dominates":[218],"performance.":[220],"When":[221],"harvested":[223],"number":[227],"reflecting":[229],"elements":[230],"sufficiently":[232],"large,":[233],"unrelated":[243],"amplification":[246],"factor":[247],"SAM.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-17T05:58:53.018234","created_date":"2026-02-20T00:00:00"}
