{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128481414","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2026.3660908","title":"Implementing Neural Networks Over-the-Air via Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces","display_name":"Implementing Neural Networks Over-the-Air via Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128481414","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2026.3660908"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2026.3660908","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2026.3660908","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101099434","display_name":"Hua Meng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Meng Hua","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076857062","display_name":"Chenghong Bian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0534-7076"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenghong Bian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048139301","display_name":"Haotian Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2137-6907"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haotian Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071696288","display_name":"Deniz G\u00fcnd\u00fcz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deniz G\u00fcnd\u00fcz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101099434"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.39268324,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":null,"first_page":"11562","last_page":"11576"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9779000282287598,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9779000282287598,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.00279999990016222,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10245","display_name":"Metamaterials and Metasurfaces Applications","score":0.0020000000949949026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.6686999797821045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel-state-information","display_name":"Channel state information","score":0.6559000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.6003000140190125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5745000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.5051000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.504800021648407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transceiver","display_name":"Transceiver","score":0.4991999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backpropagation","display_name":"Backpropagation","score":0.46549999713897705}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8217999935150146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.6686999797821045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148063708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5072511","display_name":"Channel state information","level":3,"score":0.6559000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.6003000140190125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5745000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.5051000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.504800021648407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7720470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954187","display_name":"Transceiver","level":3,"score":0.4991999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155032097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q798503","display_name":"Backpropagation","level":3,"score":0.46549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27753989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284885","display_name":"Superposition principle","level":2,"score":0.42820000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.42399999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.414000004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.4016000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.39430001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.37959998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19247436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192727","display_name":"Physical layer","level":3,"score":0.3587999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3490000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101765175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577764","display_name":"Communications system","level":2,"score":0.3409999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3312999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3179999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.304500013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.28049999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164785522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5283966","display_name":"Diversity gain","level":4,"score":0.2637999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.25679999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.25600001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110157686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q922122","display_name":"Broadcasting (networking)","level":2,"score":0.2554999887943268}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2026.3660908","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2026.3660908","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9240701198577881,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1559261959","https://openalex.org/W2050968963","https://openalex.org/W2111324610","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2624989916","https://openalex.org/W2861117319","https://openalex.org/W2884089434","https://openalex.org/W2907379776","https://openalex.org/W2960833983","https://openalex.org/W2969424089","https://openalex.org/W2969519626","https://openalex.org/W2996008180","https://openalex.org/W3006919779","https://openalex.org/W3021951958","https://openalex.org/W3120141412","https://openalex.org/W3158688146","https://openalex.org/W3178081691","https://openalex.org/W3203675995","https://openalex.org/W4210678178","https://openalex.org/W4212835306","https://openalex.org/W4250589301","https://openalex.org/W4281729538","https://openalex.org/W4283834347","https://openalex.org/W4296425705","https://openalex.org/W4312469633","https://openalex.org/W4320005733","https://openalex.org/W4362653504","https://openalex.org/W4384080538","https://openalex.org/W4386113313","https://openalex.org/W4386741372","https://openalex.org/W4387126691","https://openalex.org/W4387623863","https://openalex.org/W4390204409","https://openalex.org/W4394828408","https://openalex.org/W4398788563","https://openalex.org/W4400277662","https://openalex.org/W4400579059","https://openalex.org/W4401306392","https://openalex.org/W4402159283","https://openalex.org/W4404914818","https://openalex.org/W4406267546","https://openalex.org/W4410343020","https://openalex.org/W4413556503"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"By":[0],"leveraging":[1,223],"the":[2,48,61,64,71,78,81,99,103,116,119,123,154,173,182,185,189,195,201,205,209,252,262,267,280,289],"superposition":[3],"property,":[4],"over-the-air":[5],"computation":[6],"(OAC)":[7],"of":[8,52,80,153,288],"waveforms":[9],"enables":[10],"computations":[11],"to":[12,23,46,69,76,87,114,200,240,250],"be":[13],"performed":[14,179],"in":[15,19,101,286,293],"an":[16],"analog":[17,58],"fashion":[18],"wireless":[20,73,296],"environments,":[21],"leading":[22],"faster":[24],"computation,":[25],"lower":[26],"latency,":[27],"and":[28,63,106,122,167,194,211,219,230],"reduced":[29],"energy":[30],"consumption.":[31],"In":[32,172,204],"this":[33,88,129],"paper,":[34],"we":[35,133,150,236],"investigate":[36],"reconfigurable":[37],"intelligent":[38],"surface":[39],"(RIS)-aided":[40],"multiple-input-multiple-output":[41],"(MIMO)":[42],"OAC":[43,120],"systems":[44],"designed":[45],"emulate":[47,77],"fully-connected":[49],"(FC)":[50],"layer":[51],"a":[53,135,241],"neural":[54],"network":[55],"(NN)":[56],"via":[57],"OAC,":[59],"where":[60,140],"RIS":[62,107],"transceivers":[65],"are":[66,111,147,198],"jointly":[67,112],"adjusted":[68],"engineer":[70],"ambient":[72],"propagation":[74],"environment":[75],"weights":[79],"target":[82,124],"FC":[83,125],"layer.":[84,126],"We":[85,96],"refer":[86],"novel":[89],"computational":[90,233],"paradigm":[91],"as":[92],"<italic":[93,163,168],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[94,164,169],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">Air</i>FC.":[95],"first":[97],"study":[98],"case":[100],"which":[102],"precoder,":[104],"combiner,":[105],"phase":[108],"shift":[109],"matrices":[110],"optimized":[113],"minimize":[115],"mismatch":[117],"between":[118],"system":[121,155,253,264,282],"To":[127],"solve":[128],"non-convex":[130],"optimization":[131,138,145],"problem,":[132],"propose":[134],"low-complexity":[136],"alternating":[137],"algorithm,":[139],"semi-closed-form/closed-form":[141],"solutions":[142],"for":[143],"all":[144],"variables":[146],"derived.":[148],"Next,":[149],"consider":[151],"training":[152,175,177,207],"parameters":[156,197,216],"using":[157],"two":[158],"distinct":[159],"learning":[160],"strategies,":[161],"namely":[162],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">centralized":[165],"training</i>":[166],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">distributed":[170],"training</i>.":[171],"centralized":[174],"approach,":[176,208],"is":[178,277],"at":[180],"either":[181],"transmitter":[183,210],"or":[184],"receiver,":[186],"whichever":[187],"possesses":[188],"channel":[190,224],"state":[191],"information":[192],"(CSI),":[193],"trained":[196],"provided":[199],"other":[202],"terminal.":[203],"distributed":[206],"receiver":[212],"iteratively":[213],"update":[214],"their":[215],"through":[217],"back":[218],"forth":[220],"transmissions":[221],"by":[222,244,266],"reciprocity,":[225],"thereby":[226],"avoiding":[227],"CSI":[228],"acquisition":[229],"significantly":[231],"reducing":[232],"complexity.":[234],"Subsequently,":[235],"extend":[237],"our":[238],"analysis":[239],"multi-RIS":[242,281],"scenario":[243],"exploiting":[245],"its":[246],"spatial":[247],"diversity":[248],"gain":[249],"enhance":[251],"performance,":[254],"i.e.,":[255],"classification":[256,273,290],"accuracy.":[257,274],"Simulation":[258],"results":[259],"show":[260],"that":[261,279],"AirFC":[263],"realized":[265],"RIS-aided":[268],"MIMO":[269],"configuration":[270],"achieves":[271],"satisfactory":[272],"Furthermore,":[275],"it":[276],"shown":[278],"brings":[283],"significant":[284],"improvement":[285],"terms":[287],"accuracy,":[291],"especially":[292],"line-of-sight":[294],"(LoS)-dominated":[295],"environments.":[297]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2026-02-11T00:00:00"}
