{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416965747","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3636174","title":"Joint Semantic-Channel Coding and Modulation for Token Communications","display_name":"Joint Semantic-Channel Coding and Modulation for Token Communications","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416965747","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3636174"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2025.3636174","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3636174","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114223906","display_name":"Jingkai Ying","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7920-8035"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingkai Ying","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7920-8035","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044671638","display_name":"Zhijin Qin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8507-3975"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhijin Qin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8507-3975","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050688781","display_name":"Yulong Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8877-5027"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180662265","display_name":"China Mobile (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/05gftfe97","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180662265"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098582","display_name":"ZTE (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00rjhhq63","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098582"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767749","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Mobile Networks and Mobile Multimedia Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05cd55294","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098582","https://openalex.org/I4391767749"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yulong Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Mobile Network and Mobile Multimedia Technology, ZTE Corporation, Shenzhen, China","State Key Laboratory of Mobile Network and Mobile Multimedia Technology, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8877-5027","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Mobile Network and Mobile Multimedia Technology, ZTE Corporation, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098582","https://openalex.org/I4391767749"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Mobile Network and Mobile Multimedia Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180662265","https://openalex.org/I4391767749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081489939","display_name":"Liejun Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0210-2273"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96908189","display_name":"Xinjiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/059gw8r13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liejun Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, &#x00DC;r&#x00FC;mqi, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0210-2273","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, &#x00DC;r&#x00FC;mqi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101459082","display_name":"Xiaoming Tao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8763-9338"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoming Tao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8763-9338","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.18204453,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":null,"first_page":"8179","last_page":"8193"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.6353999972343445,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.6353999972343445,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10901","display_name":"Advanced Data Compression Techniques","score":0.15299999713897705,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.023399999365210533,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-token","display_name":"Security token","score":0.6348000168800354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoder","display_name":"Encoder","score":0.5978999733924866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantization","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","score":0.5299000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","score":0.4163999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.39399999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differential-coding","display_name":"Differential coding","score":0.3626999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/joint","display_name":"Joint (building)","score":0.35260000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sub-band-coding","display_name":"Sub-band coding","score":0.33880001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turbo-code","display_name":"Turbo code","score":0.3257000148296356}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8187000155448914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48145219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335365","display_name":"Security token","level":2,"score":0.6348000168800354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.5978999733924866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28855332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q198099","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.5299000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.4163999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4000999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3952000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.39399999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79880414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5275338","display_name":"Differential coding","level":3,"score":0.3626999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18555067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8375051","display_name":"Joint (building)","level":2,"score":0.35260000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98526533","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1691938","display_name":"Sub-band coding","level":3,"score":0.33880001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114504821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2164281","display_name":"Turbo code","level":3,"score":0.3257000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138916503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2714551","display_name":"Link adaptation","level":4,"score":0.32429999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70352696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8928","display_name":"Constellation","level":2,"score":0.31869998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197712280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q557200","display_name":"Trellis modulation","level":4,"score":0.3183000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32409245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749753","display_name":"Quadrature amplitude modulation","level":4,"score":0.3151000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19275194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q222903","display_name":"Multiplexing","level":2,"score":0.3122999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.31029999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.30630001425743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87133666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161699","display_name":"Dynamic range","level":2,"score":0.29750001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157899210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1395022","display_name":"Convolutional code","level":3,"score":0.29280000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174440990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q681349","display_name":"Point-to-point","level":2,"score":0.2815000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185837786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1782940","display_name":"Constellation diagram","level":4,"score":0.27889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57890076","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4680725","display_name":"Adaptive coding","level":4,"score":0.27160000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101765175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577764","display_name":"Communications system","level":2,"score":0.2685999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40409654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q375889","display_name":"Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing","level":3,"score":0.2556000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.2551000118255615}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2025.3636174","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3636174","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2415068989","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023YFB2904300","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3421198822","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62293484","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5437778245","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62472368","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5631758027","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62227801","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6366412941","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62442106","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2112544308","https://openalex.org/W2560609797","https://openalex.org/W2991216808","https://openalex.org/W3036851434","https://openalex.org/W3111535274","https://openalex.org/W3131242954","https://openalex.org/W3159975835","https://openalex.org/W3207494168","https://openalex.org/W4214755140","https://openalex.org/W4297330542","https://openalex.org/W4312270234","https://openalex.org/W4312539031","https://openalex.org/W4313350178","https://openalex.org/W4319302797","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4390692162","https://openalex.org/W4392153077","https://openalex.org/W4394627253","https://openalex.org/W4400275583","https://openalex.org/W4401871087","https://openalex.org/W4403182632","https://openalex.org/W4404217576","https://openalex.org/W4404914557","https://openalex.org/W4405056254","https://openalex.org/W4405975011","https://openalex.org/W4408324940","https://openalex.org/W4414432003","https://openalex.org/W7084037109","https://openalex.org/W7084066249"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,36],"recent":[1],"years,":[2],"the":[3,20,41,76,81,111,125,140,147,174],"Transformer":[4],"architecture":[5],"has":[6,30],"achieved":[7],"outstanding":[8],"performance":[9],"across":[10],"a":[11,32,56,62,92,103,135],"wide":[12],"range":[13],"of":[14,43,128,158],"tasks":[15],"and":[16,23,52,95,106,134,142,150,167,182,192],"modalities.":[17],"Token":[18],"is":[19,72],"unified":[21],"input":[22],"output":[24],"representation":[25,97],"in":[26,190,198],"Transformer-based":[27,132],"models,":[28],"which":[29,60,138],"become":[31],"fundamental":[33],"information":[34,77,166],"unit.":[35],"this":[37],"work,":[38],"we":[39,101],"consider":[40],"problem":[42],"token":[44,112],"communication,":[45],"studying":[46],"how":[47],"to":[48,68,74,85,90,117],"transmit":[49],"tokens":[50,116,161],"efficiently":[51],"reliably.":[53],"Point":[54,131],"cloud,":[55],"prevailing":[57],"three-dimensional":[58],"format":[59],"exhibits":[61],"more":[63,93,193],"complex":[64],"spatial":[65],"structure":[66],"compared":[67],"image":[69],"or":[70],"video,":[71],"chosen":[73],"be":[75],"source.":[78],"We":[79],"utilize":[80],"set":[82],"abstraction":[83],"method":[84,176],"obtain":[86],"point":[87,115],"tokens.":[88],"Subsequently,":[89],"get":[91],"informative":[94],"transmission-friendly":[96],"based":[98],"on":[99,163],"tokens,":[100],"propose":[102],"joint":[104,179],"semantic-channel":[105,180],"modulation":[107],"(JSCCM)":[108],"scheme":[109],"for":[110],"encoder,":[113],"mapping":[114],"standard":[118],"digital":[119],"constellation":[120],"points":[121],"(modulated":[122],"tokens).":[123],"Specifically,":[124],"JSCCM":[126],"consists":[127],"two":[129],"parallel":[130],"encoders":[133],"differential":[136],"modulator":[137],"combines":[139],"Gumel-softmax":[141],"soft":[143],"quantization":[144],"methods.":[145],"Besides,":[146],"rate":[148],"allocator":[149],"channel":[151,168],"adapter":[152],"are":[153],"developed,":[154],"facilitating":[155],"adaptive":[156],"generation":[157],"high-quality":[159],"modulated":[160,199],"conditioned":[162],"both":[164,178],"semantic":[165],"conditions.":[169],"Extensive":[170],"simulations":[171],"demonstrate":[172],"that":[173],"proposed":[175],"outperforms":[177],"coding":[181],"traditional":[183],"separate":[184],"coding,":[185],"achieving":[186],"over":[187],"1dB":[188],"gain":[189],"reconstruction":[191],"than":[194],"6\u00d7":[195],"compression":[196],"ratio":[197],"symbols.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-12-03T00:00:00"}
