{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416513210","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3632855","title":"Coordinated Downlink Beamforming in Multi-Cell MIMO Networks: A Diffusion Model-Enhanced Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Perspective","display_name":"Coordinated Downlink Beamforming in Multi-Cell MIMO Networks: A Diffusion Model-Enhanced Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Perspective","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416513210","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3632855"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2025.3632855","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3632855","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077914763","display_name":"Haoqiang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9725-4730"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78675632","display_name":"Beijing Information Science & Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xnqep60","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78675632"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92403157","display_name":"University of Science and Technology Beijing","ror":"https://ror.org/02egmk993","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haoqiang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Communication Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, Guangdong, China","School of Computer and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Science and Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9725-4730","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Communication Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78675632","https://openalex.org/I92403157"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Science and Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101604664","display_name":"Huiming Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4179-3815"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92403157","display_name":"University of Science and Technology Beijing","ror":"https://ror.org/02egmk993","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huiming Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Intelligence Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4179-3815","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Intelligence Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111794931","display_name":"Wenzhen Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0454-7516"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenzhen Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0454-7516","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016860741","display_name":"Zhaobin Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0823-4376"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127469","display_name":"Yalong Hydro (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03f8xts90","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127469"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhaobin Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Datang Hydropower Science and Technology Research Institute Company Ltd., Chengdu, China","College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0823-4376","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Datang Hydropower Science and Technology Research Institute Company Ltd., Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127469"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033008230","display_name":"Yonghong Zeng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9451-105X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3005327000","display_name":"Institute for Infocomm Research","ror":"https://ror.org/053rfa017","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3005327000","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yonghong Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Institute for Infocomm Research, Fusionopolis, Singapore","Institute for Infocomm Research, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9451-105X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Institute for Infocomm Research, Fusionopolis, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3005327000"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Infocomm Research, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3005327000"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100644375","display_name":"Hong Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9661-3095"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hong Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong","Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9661-3095","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3193,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58423493,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":null,"first_page":"7617","last_page":"7634"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.8790000081062317,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.8790000081062317,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.06610000133514404,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.0052999998442828655,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.8335000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.7329000234603882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6525999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.592199981212616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel-state-information","display_name":"Channel state information","score":0.5794000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.49399998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.44909998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cellular-network","display_name":"Cellular network","score":0.4406999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.42640000581741333}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.8335000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8169000148773193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.7329000234603882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6525999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.592199981212616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148063708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5072511","display_name":"Channel state information","level":3,"score":0.5794000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.49399998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.44909998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.4406999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.42640000581741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.37560001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.36559998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.36149999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189693848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6031064","display_name":"Information exchange","level":2,"score":0.3208000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.3181000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.3028999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.2987000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.2906999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91330434","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q738298","display_name":"Multi-user MIMO","level":4,"score":0.28859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123757187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9195957","display_name":"Network dynamics","level":2,"score":0.2874000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.28439998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.2759000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.27410000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85884896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574075","display_name":"Spatial multiplexing","level":4,"score":0.2614000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158207573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5747224","display_name":"Heterogeneous network","level":4,"score":0.2563000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778915421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3643177","display_name":"Performance improvement","level":2,"score":0.2524999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.251800000667572}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2025.3632855","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3632855","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1339314443","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"H20251072","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336606","funder_display_name":"National Transgenic Science and Technology Program"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1509382033","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022A151511056","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","funder_display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1790252750","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024A1515110070","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","funder_display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3140110035","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62501045","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5917653708","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FRF-GF-25-005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336606","display_name":"National Transgenic Science and Technology Program","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1979408141","https://openalex.org/W2155174176","https://openalex.org/W2528639018","https://openalex.org/W2788350651","https://openalex.org/W3007075806","https://openalex.org/W4281958709","https://openalex.org/W4283821821","https://openalex.org/W4286580127","https://openalex.org/W4300361987","https://openalex.org/W4312370603","https://openalex.org/W4312562647","https://openalex.org/W4380926553","https://openalex.org/W4383220453","https://openalex.org/W4386902907","https://openalex.org/W4387883605","https://openalex.org/W4390534132","https://openalex.org/W4391547876","https://openalex.org/W4392114386","https://openalex.org/W4392825617","https://openalex.org/W4394711958","https://openalex.org/W4395028049","https://openalex.org/W4396523493","https://openalex.org/W4400904603","https://openalex.org/W4402626719","https://openalex.org/W4402915187","https://openalex.org/W4403989853","https://openalex.org/W4404294165","https://openalex.org/W4407900020","https://openalex.org/W4408235521","https://openalex.org/W4409473740","https://openalex.org/W4413591389"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0,91],"address":[1],"the":[2,27,145,200,205],"surge":[3],"in":[4,46,166],"wireless":[5],"traffic,":[6],"multiple-input":[7],"multiple-output":[8],"(MIMO)":[9],"technology":[10],"has":[11],"become":[12],"essential":[13],"for":[14,41,88],"advancing":[15],"communication":[16,142],"systems.":[17],"Within":[18],"MIMO":[19,50],"cellular":[20],"networks,":[21],"coordinated":[22,104],"beamforming":[23,53,105],"(CBF),":[24],"achieved":[25],"through":[26],"collaborative":[28],"design":[29],"of":[30,124,147,204,212],"beamformers":[31,116],"across":[32],"multiple":[33],"base":[34],"stations":[35],"(BSs),":[36],"presents":[37],"a":[38,97,129,148],"promising":[39],"strategy":[40],"enhancing":[42],"network":[43,173],"performance.":[44],"However,":[45],"large-scale":[47,167],"multi-cell,":[48],"multi-user":[49],"environments,":[51],"optimizing":[52],"coordination":[54,137],"remains":[55],"challenging":[56],"due":[57],"to":[58,113,159,189,194,217],"high-dimensional":[59],"spaces":[60],"and":[61,81,163,169,182,202],"dynamic":[62,89],"conditions.":[63],"While":[64],"centralized,":[65],"optimization-based":[66],"CBF":[67],"algorithms":[68],"provide":[69],"near-optimal":[70],"solutions,":[71],"their":[72],"dependence":[73],"on":[74,119],"real-time":[75],"global":[76],"channel":[77],"state":[78],"information":[79,226],"(CSI)":[80],"high":[82],"computational":[83],"complexity":[84],"renders":[85],"them":[86],"impractical":[87],"networks.":[90],"overcome":[92],"these":[93],"limitations,":[94],"we":[95],"introduce":[96],"diffusion":[98,149],"model-enhanced":[99,150],"multi-agent":[100],"reinforcement":[101],"learning":[102],"(MARL)":[103],"framework,":[106],"termed":[107],"Diffusion-enhanced":[108],"MACBF,":[109],"which":[110],"enables":[111,157],"BSs":[112,139,158],"determine":[114],"optimal":[115,195],"independently":[117],"based":[118],"partial":[120,192],"observations.":[121],"Key":[122],"innovations":[123],"this":[125],"framework":[126],"include:":[127],"firstly,":[128],"novel":[130],"limited-information":[131],"exchange":[132,227],"protocol":[133],"that":[134,156],"facilitates":[135],"effective":[136],"among":[138],"with":[140,215],"minimal":[141],"overhead;":[143],"secondly,":[144],"introduction":[146],"Multi-agent":[151],"Soft":[152],"Actor-Critic":[153],"(MASAC)":[154],"algorithm":[155],"efficiently":[160],"manage":[161],"spatial":[162],"temporal":[164],"variations":[165],"scenarios;":[168],"thirdly,":[170],"an":[171,176,209],"optimized":[172],"architecture":[174],"combining":[175],"Encoder,":[177],"Convolutional":[178],"Neural":[179],"Network":[180],"(CNN),":[181],"Bidirectional":[183],"Long":[184],"Short-Term":[185],"Memory":[186],"(Bi-LSTM)":[187],"layers":[188],"accurately":[190],"map":[191],"observations":[193],"actions.":[196],"Extensive":[197],"simulations":[198],"demonstrate":[199],"effectiveness":[201],"efficiency":[203],"proposed":[206],"algorithm,":[207],"achieving":[208],"average":[210],"rate":[211],"7.5502":[213],"bps/Hz":[214],"up":[216],"10.66%":[218],"improvement":[219],"over":[220],"existing":[221],"methods":[222],"while":[223],"significantly":[224],"reducing":[225],"requirements.":[228]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-11-23T00:00:00"}
