{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416323701","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3631503","title":"Rethinking Federated Learning Over the Air: The Blessing of Scaling Up","display_name":"Rethinking Federated Learning Over the Air: The Blessing of Scaling Up","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416323701","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3631503"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2025.3631503","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3631503","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101425550","display_name":"Jiaqi Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6248-9795"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158570","display_name":"Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04jth1r26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158570","https://openalex.org/I76130692","https://openalex.org/I98677209"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiaqi Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University/University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining, China","Zhejiang University/University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6248-9795","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University/University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210158570","https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University/University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692","https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086482910","display_name":"Bikramjit Das","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6172-8228"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bikramjit Das","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Systems and Design, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Tampines, Singapore","Engineering Systems and Design, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Systems and Design, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Tampines, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Systems and Design, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021448832","display_name":"Yong Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8728-2757"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yong Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8728-2757","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079868785","display_name":"Nikolaos Pappas","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102134673","display_name":"Link\u00f6ping University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ynxx418","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nikolaos Pappas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Science, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Science, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061641468","display_name":"Howard H. Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0256-2416"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158570","display_name":"Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04jth1r26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158570","https://openalex.org/I76130692","https://openalex.org/I98677209"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Howard H. Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University/University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining, China","Zhejiang University/University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0256-2416","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University/University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210158570","https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University/University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692","https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.17765889,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":null,"first_page":"7443","last_page":"7457"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11612","display_name":"Stochastic Gradient Optimization Techniques","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fading","display_name":"Fading","score":0.7178000211715698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-learning","display_name":"Distributed learning","score":0.527400016784668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4763999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4625000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.4458000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.40529999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-noise","display_name":"Artificial noise","score":0.3993000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scaling","display_name":"Scaling","score":0.3921000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/federated-learning","display_name":"Federated learning","score":0.33070001006126404}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8274999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81978471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1196572","display_name":"Fading","level":3,"score":0.7178000211715698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779582901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21013010","display_name":"Distributed learning","level":2,"score":0.527400016784668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4763999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4625000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.45080000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.4458000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.40529999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780909371","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4801092","display_name":"Artificial noise","level":4,"score":0.3993000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.3921000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992525071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50818671","display_name":"Federated learning","level":2,"score":0.33070001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152139883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q252973","display_name":"Mutual information","level":2,"score":0.32260000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.31859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.31679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67363961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5268834","display_name":"Information and Communications Technology","level":2,"score":0.3057999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138020889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2349659","display_name":"Collaborative learning","level":2,"score":0.30379998683929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.29409998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.29179999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.28600001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2854999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137822555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2587068","display_name":"Information sensitivity","level":2,"score":0.2831999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16210155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5154140","display_name":"Communication noise","level":2,"score":0.2809000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.2711000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8854915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4350200","display_name":"Information transfer","level":2,"score":0.265500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153258448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1199743","display_name":"Gradient descent","level":3,"score":0.2614000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.25780001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.2558000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101765175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577764","display_name":"Communications system","level":2,"score":0.2551000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.25060001015663147}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2025.3631503","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3631503","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2319202008","display_name":"LEArning-Driven and Evolved Radio for 6G Communication Systems","funder_award_id":"101192080","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7839574859","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62201504","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8708150394","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62172234","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2027595342","https://openalex.org/W2099111195","https://openalex.org/W2104621895","https://openalex.org/W2105738738","https://openalex.org/W2109433864","https://openalex.org/W2140227342","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2515654213","https://openalex.org/W2535690855","https://openalex.org/W2564029303","https://openalex.org/W2734358244","https://openalex.org/W2767079719","https://openalex.org/W2969343398","https://openalex.org/W2970408908","https://openalex.org/W2981138228","https://openalex.org/W2999074226","https://openalex.org/W3006919779","https://openalex.org/W3016632787","https://openalex.org/W3017256022","https://openalex.org/W3021654819","https://openalex.org/W3028318515","https://openalex.org/W3043758338","https://openalex.org/W3047532379","https://openalex.org/W3081130510","https://openalex.org/W3088234149","https://openalex.org/W3108590825","https://openalex.org/W3111192549","https://openalex.org/W3139262588","https://openalex.org/W3162819349","https://openalex.org/W3212347076","https://openalex.org/W4281263728","https://openalex.org/W4285142407","https://openalex.org/W4285539128","https://openalex.org/W4293195474","https://openalex.org/W4312403682","https://openalex.org/W4313229590","https://openalex.org/W4315779442","https://openalex.org/W4379622636","https://openalex.org/W4385756451","https://openalex.org/W4385819770","https://openalex.org/W4390692011","https://openalex.org/W4391685204","https://openalex.org/W4403721658","https://openalex.org/W4413679891","https://openalex.org/W4413967529"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Federated":[0],"learning":[1,117,203],"facilitates":[2],"collaborative":[3],"model":[4,195],"training":[5,41,196],"across":[6],"multiple":[7],"clients":[8,60],"while":[9],"preserving":[10],"data":[11],"privacy.":[12],"However,":[13],"its":[14],"performance":[15,113],"is":[16],"often":[17],"constrained":[18],"by":[19,68],"limited":[20],"communication":[21,51,66],"resources,":[22],"particularly":[23],"in":[24,64,118,172,204],"systems":[25],"supporting":[26],"a":[27,46,107,143,198,207],"large":[28,208],"number":[29,58,132,209],"of":[30,59,86,114,128,133,159,169,210],"clients.":[31,211],"To":[32,100],"address":[33],"this":[34,104],"challenge,":[35],"integrating":[36],"over-the-air":[37,115,194],"computations":[38],"into":[39],"the":[40,57,84,96,112,131,148,167,173,188],"process":[42],"has":[43],"emerged":[44],"as":[45,90,197],"promising":[47],"solution":[48],"to":[49,110],"alleviate":[50],"bottlenecks.":[52],"The":[53,139,162,212],"system":[54],"significantly":[55],"increases":[56],"it":[61],"can":[62],"support":[63],"each":[65],"round":[67],"transmitting":[69],"intermediate":[70],"parameters":[71],"via":[72],"analog":[73],"signals":[74],"rather":[75],"than":[76],"digital":[77],"ones.":[78],"This":[79],"improvement,":[80],"however,":[81],"comes":[82],"at":[83],"cost":[85],"channel-induced":[87],"distortions,":[88],"such":[89],"fading":[91,171],"and":[92,147,183],"noise,":[93],"which":[94],"affect":[95],"aggregated":[97,150],"global":[98,175],"parameters.":[99],"elucidate":[101],"these":[102],"effects,":[103],"paper":[105],"develops":[106],"theoretical":[108,213],"framework":[109],"analyze":[111],"federated":[116,202],"large-scale":[119],"client":[120],"scenarios.":[121],"Our":[122],"analysis":[123],"reveals":[124],"three":[125],"key":[126],"advantages":[127],"scaling":[129],"up":[130],"participating":[134],"clients:":[135],"(1)":[136],"Enhanced":[137],"Privacy:":[138],"mutual":[140],"information":[141],"between":[142],"client\u2019s":[144],"local":[145],"gradient":[146,151,184],"server\u2019s":[149],"diminishes,":[152],"effectively":[153],"reducing":[154],"privacy":[155],"leakage.":[156],"(2)":[157],"Mitigation":[158],"Channel":[160],"Fading:":[161],"channel":[163],"hardening":[164],"effect":[165],"eliminates":[166],"impact":[168],"small-scale":[170],"noisy":[174],"gradient.":[176],"(3)":[177],"Improved":[178],"Convergence:":[179],"Reduced":[180],"thermal":[181],"noise":[182],"estimation":[185],"errors":[186],"benefit":[187],"convergence":[189],"rate.":[190],"These":[191],"findings":[192],"solidify":[193],"viable":[199],"approach":[200],"for":[201],"networks":[205],"with":[206],"insights":[214],"are":[215],"further":[216],"substantiated":[217],"through":[218],"extensive":[219],"experimental":[220],"evaluations.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-01-10T23:39:48.068659","created_date":"2025-11-18T00:00:00"}