{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415883028","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3626555","title":"Toward Intelligent Edge Sensing for ISCC Network: Joint Multi-Tier DNN Partitioning and Beamforming Design","display_name":"Toward Intelligent Edge Sensing for ISCC Network: Joint Multi-Tier DNN Partitioning and Beamforming Design","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415883028","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3626555"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2025.3626555","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3626555","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100346868","display_name":"Peng Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9578-4965"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9578-4965","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005456828","display_name":"Zesong Fei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7576-625X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zesong Fei","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7576-625X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100382943","display_name":"Xinyi Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4010-7895"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinyi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4010-7895","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073392887","display_name":"Xiaoyang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4899-0835"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3045169105","display_name":"Southern University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049tv2d57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099586","display_name":"Shenzhen Research Institute of Big Data","ror":"https://ror.org/00z1gwf89","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099586"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116924","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen","ror":"https://ror.org/02d5ks197","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I180726961","https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China","Shenzhen Research Institute of Big Data, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4899-0835","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Research Institute of Big Data, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116924","https://openalex.org/I4210099586"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011236120","display_name":"Weijie Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2158-0046"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3045169105","display_name":"Southern University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049tv2d57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weijie Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation and Intelligent Manufacturing, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China","Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2158-0046","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation and Intelligent Manufacturing, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100631358","display_name":"Yuanhao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8821-2179"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuanhao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Radar Technology Research Institute, School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","School of Information and Electronics, Radar Technology Research Institute, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8821-2179","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radar Technology Research Institute, School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Electronics, Radar Technology Research Institute, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024045689","display_name":"Cheng Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7582-5291"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Radar Technology Research Institute, School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","School of Information and Electronics, Radar Technology Research Institute, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7582-5291","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radar Technology Research Institute, School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Electronics, Radar Technology Research Institute, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091266202","display_name":"Dusit Niyato","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7442-7416"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dusit Niyato","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computing and Data Science, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore","College of Computing and Data Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7442-7416","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing and Data Science, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing and Data Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9801,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76150854,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":null,"first_page":"6774","last_page":"6789"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.30649998784065247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.30649998784065247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.2800999879837036,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.048500001430511475,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.6327999830245972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.5256999731063843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-edge-computing","display_name":"Mobile edge computing","score":0.5231999754905701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.47589999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.46889999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.4684999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-complexity-theory","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","score":0.45910000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.45680001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.4196999967098236}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8564000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.6327999830245972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.5256999731063843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776061582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25325231","display_name":"Mobile edge computing","level":3,"score":0.5231999754905701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.47589999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.46889999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.4684999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.45910000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4586000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.45680001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.4196999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.4131999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4117000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.4081000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.40139999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.35109999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.3474999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127964446","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1092142","display_name":"Computational resource","level":3,"score":0.34279999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.33719998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.3142000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.30959999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.3073999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780609101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156588","display_name":"Resource management (computing)","level":2,"score":0.2980000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.29190000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.29109999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557945733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q389772","display_name":"Data transmission","level":2,"score":0.2881999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2842999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.27649998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781041963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18348618","display_name":"Computation offloading","level":4,"score":0.2694999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.26249998807907104}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2025.3626555","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3626555","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3012994341","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RT5/23","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333450","funder_display_name":"National Energy Technology Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4313591944","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RG24/24","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333450","funder_display_name":"National Energy Technology Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5759190602","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62301032","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7150095495","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"L252110","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334977","funder_display_name":"Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333450","display_name":"National Energy Technology Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01x26mz03"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334977","display_name":"Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1970830346","https://openalex.org/W2155951048","https://openalex.org/W2156529323","https://openalex.org/W2164777412","https://openalex.org/W2508393166","https://openalex.org/W2811310557","https://openalex.org/W2971714613","https://openalex.org/W2994080478","https://openalex.org/W3038047043","https://openalex.org/W3042272525","https://openalex.org/W3134255974","https://openalex.org/W3194620979","https://openalex.org/W3209801506","https://openalex.org/W3214015612","https://openalex.org/W4221152006","https://openalex.org/W4226039372","https://openalex.org/W4226083591","https://openalex.org/W4235435541","https://openalex.org/W4250589301","https://openalex.org/W4285179741","https://openalex.org/W4293370520","https://openalex.org/W4312342393","https://openalex.org/W4312968938","https://openalex.org/W4317796282","https://openalex.org/W4321618026","https://openalex.org/W4327928821","https://openalex.org/W4366967707","https://openalex.org/W4384787219","https://openalex.org/W4385819926","https://openalex.org/W4386132034","https://openalex.org/W4387917759","https://openalex.org/W4390285520","https://openalex.org/W4390285554","https://openalex.org/W4391407199","https://openalex.org/W4393139888","https://openalex.org/W4400070766","https://openalex.org/W4402449925","https://openalex.org/W4403210220","https://openalex.org/W4403600553","https://openalex.org/W4403759124","https://openalex.org/W4404788067","https://openalex.org/W4405304241","https://openalex.org/W4405717352","https://openalex.org/W4406415015","https://openalex.org/W4406610949","https://openalex.org/W4409494600","https://openalex.org/W4411358672"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"combination":[1],"of":[2,82],"Integrated":[3,64],"Sensing":[4],"and":[5,8,20,52,67,75,118,142,150,197],"Communication":[6],"(ISAC)":[7],"Mobile":[9],"Edge":[10],"Computing":[11,68],"(MEC)":[12],"enables":[13],"devices":[14,43,77],"to":[15,23,44,113,154,215],"simultaneously":[16],"sense":[17],"the":[18,24,45,97,123,136,147,167,179,185,195,205,226],"environment":[19],"offload":[21],"data":[22,40],"base":[25],"stations":[26],"(BS)":[27],"for":[28,89,174],"intelligent":[29,90],"processing,":[30],"thereby":[31],"reducing":[32],"local":[33],"computational":[34,143,175],"burdens.":[35],"However,":[36],"transmitting":[37],"raw":[38],"sensing":[39,116,125,155],"from":[41],"ISAC":[42,76,131,140,151,186],"BS":[46],"often":[47],"incurs":[48],"substantial":[49],"fronthaul":[50,103],"overhead":[51],"latency.":[53,236],"This":[54],"paper":[55],"investigates":[56],"a":[57,83,210],"three-tier":[58],"collaborative":[59],"inference":[60,127,235],"framework":[61,99,228],"enabled":[62],"by":[63],"Sensing,":[65],"Communication,":[66],"(ISCC),":[69],"where":[70],"cloud":[71],"servers,":[72,74],"MEC":[73,148],"cooperatively":[78],"execute":[79],"different":[80],"segments":[81],"pre-trained":[84],"deep":[85],"neural":[86],"network":[87],"(DNN)":[88],"sensing.":[91],"By":[92],"offloading":[93,119],"intermediate":[94],"DNN":[95,137,219],"features,":[96],"proposed":[98,227],"can":[100],"significantly":[101],"reduce":[102],"transmission":[104],"load.":[105],"Furthermore,":[106],"multiple-input":[107],"multiple-output":[108],"(MIMO)":[109],"technology":[110],"is":[111],"employed":[112],"enhance":[114],"both":[115],"quality":[117],"efficiency.":[120],"To":[121],"minimize":[122],"overall":[124],"task":[126],"latency":[128],"across":[129],"all":[130],"devices,":[132,152],"we":[133,170,183,208],"jointly":[134],"optimize":[135],"partitioning":[138,220],"strategy,":[139],"beamforming,":[141],"resource":[144,176],"allocation":[145,177],"at":[146],"servers":[149],"subject":[153],"beampattern":[156],"constraints.":[157],"We":[158],"also":[159],"propose":[160],"an":[161,190,217],"efficient":[162],"two-layer":[163],"optimization":[164],"algorithm.":[165],"In":[166,204],"inner":[168],"layer,":[169,207],"derive":[171],"closed-form":[172],"solutions":[173],"using":[178],"Karush-Kuhn-Tucker":[180],"conditions.":[181],"Moreover,":[182],"design":[184],"beamforming":[187],"vectors":[188],"via":[189],"iterative":[191],"method":[192],"based":[193],"on":[194],"majorization\u2013minimization":[196],"weighted":[198],"minimum":[199],"mean":[200],"square":[201],"error":[202],"techniques.":[203],"outer":[206],"develop":[209],"cross-entropy-based":[211],"probabilistic":[212],"learning":[213],"algorithm":[214],"determine":[216],"optimal":[218],"strategy.":[221],"Simulation":[222],"results":[223],"demonstrate":[224],"that":[225],"substantially":[229],"outperforms":[230],"existing":[231],"two-tier":[232],"schemes":[233],"in":[234]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-11-04T00:00:00"}