{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415748139","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3625223","title":"Fault Detection and Performance Analysis of Integrated Multi-Constellation GNSS/5G Positioning in Urban Environments","display_name":"Fault Detection and Performance Analysis of Integrated Multi-Constellation GNSS/5G Positioning in Urban Environments","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415748139","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3625223"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2025.3625223","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3625223","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100368696","display_name":"Yuan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2775-0587"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2775-0587","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100431222","display_name":"Rui Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2974-0972"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronics and Information Engineering and Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2974-0972","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronics and Information Engineering and Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034541026","display_name":"Erwu Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2706-6208"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erwu Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2706-6208","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.3626,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93785642,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":null,"first_page":"6491","last_page":"6506"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12004","display_name":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/receiver-autonomous-integrity-monitoring","display_name":"Receiver autonomous integrity monitoring","score":0.7142999768257141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.708899974822998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.6543999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-detection-and-isolation","display_name":"Fault detection and isolation","score":0.6201000213623047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/safeguard","display_name":"Safeguard","score":0.5397999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.5034000277519226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.45489999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.44440001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-system","display_name":"Satellite system","score":0.39989998936653137}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7179999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94821174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2135146","display_name":"Receiver autonomous integrity monitoring","level":4,"score":0.7142999768257141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.708899974822998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.6974999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.6543999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152745839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5438153","display_name":"Fault detection and isolation","level":3,"score":0.6201000213623047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780771206","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3271761","display_name":"Safeguard","level":2,"score":0.5397999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.5034000277519226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.45489999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.44440001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778027091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25346003","display_name":"Satellite system","level":4,"score":0.39989998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36301306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179435","display_name":"Satellite navigation","level":3,"score":0.3977999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.38989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.38609999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.3630000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.3578000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.3456000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.3368000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152124472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.31459999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63540848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3140932","display_name":"Fault tolerance","level":2,"score":0.3010999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174201072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1187347","display_name":"Pseudorange","level":4,"score":0.2962000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202511199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239503","display_name":"Precise Point Positioning","level":4,"score":0.2906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126953365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5438152","display_name":"Fault coverage","level":3,"score":0.26899999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.2667999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781327853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3552547","display_name":"User equipment","level":3,"score":0.2662999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.2644999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42058472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810214","display_name":"Base (topology)","level":2,"score":0.2572000026702881}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2025.3625223","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3625223","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1541882621","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"22120250094","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2884988689","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62271352","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1544971445","https://openalex.org/W1558685142","https://openalex.org/W2062247251","https://openalex.org/W2072062192","https://openalex.org/W2080647722","https://openalex.org/W2511738007","https://openalex.org/W2598611420","https://openalex.org/W2604400030","https://openalex.org/W2606888730","https://openalex.org/W2750839131","https://openalex.org/W2781561575","https://openalex.org/W2805186583","https://openalex.org/W2953065146","https://openalex.org/W2979830514","https://openalex.org/W2991265168","https://openalex.org/W2991987604","https://openalex.org/W2997614486","https://openalex.org/W3023862843","https://openalex.org/W3045651730","https://openalex.org/W3095719114","https://openalex.org/W3121903802","https://openalex.org/W3134592264","https://openalex.org/W4213260885","https://openalex.org/W4214744625","https://openalex.org/W4237907096","https://openalex.org/W4313639646","https://openalex.org/W4385194724","https://openalex.org/W4386025964","https://openalex.org/W4387870858","https://openalex.org/W4391215952","https://openalex.org/W4391805702","https://openalex.org/W4393252659","https://openalex.org/W4396753388","https://openalex.org/W4396753445","https://openalex.org/W4401379750","https://openalex.org/W4401806720","https://openalex.org/W4403826505","https://openalex.org/W4406946955"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"integration":[1],"of":[2,35,86,106,137,182,198],"global":[3],"navigation":[4,189],"satellite":[5],"systems":[6],"(GNSS)":[7],"and":[8,27,134,191],"fifth":[9],"generation":[10],"(5G)":[11],"for":[12,149,166],"positioning":[13],"integrity":[14,63,202],"monitoring":[15,64],"has":[16],"recently":[17],"become":[18],"a":[19,58,71,98,114,143,168],"significant":[20],"research":[21],"focus.":[22],"However,":[23],"as":[24,126],"multi-constellation":[25,115],"GNSS":[26],"ultra-dense":[28],"5G":[29,100,170,199],"networks":[30],"are":[31],"deployed,":[32],"the":[33,84,91,104,121,129,135,138,150,154,161,180,183,196],"probabilities":[34],"fault":[36,47,123],"is":[37],"considerably":[38],"high,":[39],"requiring":[40],"user":[41],"receivers":[42],"to":[43],"safeguard":[44],"against":[45],"numerous":[46],"modes":[48],"resulting":[49],"from":[50],"various":[51],"simultaneous":[52],"independent":[53],"faults.":[54],"This":[55],"study":[56],"introduces":[57],"fast":[59],"advanced":[60],"receiver":[61],"autonomous":[62,173],"(FARAIM)":[65],"approach":[66],"utilizing":[67],"GNSS/5G":[68,156],"integration,":[69],"featuring":[70],"solution":[72],"separation":[73],"(SS)":[74],"algorithm":[75,152,186],"that":[76,96],"avoids":[77],"calculating":[78],"fault-tolerant":[79],"position":[80],"solutions,":[81],"thereby":[82],"reducing":[83],"number":[85],"tests":[87],"traditionally":[88],"required.":[89],"In":[90],"FARAIM":[92,151,185],"framework,":[93],"we":[94,159],"discover":[95],"adding":[97,167],"single":[99,169],"measurement,":[101],"along":[102],"with":[103],"augmentation":[105],"cellular":[107],"base":[108],"station":[109],"clock":[110],"bias":[111],"states":[112],"into":[113],"GNSS,":[116],"does":[117],"not":[118],"completely":[119],"degrade":[120],"system\u2019s":[122],"detection":[124],"capabilities,":[125],"evidenced":[127],"by":[128],"SS":[130],"test\u2019s":[131],"reduced":[132],"performance":[133,165,190],"consistency":[136],"chi-square":[139],"test.":[140],"We":[141],"derive":[142],"tighter":[144],"<italic":[145],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[146],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">Gershgorin":[147],"bound</i>":[148],"across":[153],"overall":[155],"measurements.":[157],"Additionally,":[158],"analyze":[160],"protection":[162],"level":[163],"(PL)":[164],"measurement.":[171],"Finally,":[172],"ground":[174],"vehicle":[175],"(AGV)":[176],"experimental":[177],"results":[178],"validate":[179],"effectiveness":[181],"proposed":[184],"in":[187],"enhancing":[188],"evalute":[192],"theoretical":[193],"findings":[194],"regarding":[195],"influence":[197],"measurements":[200],"on":[201],"parameters.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-01-10T23:39:48.068659","created_date":"2025-10-31T00:00:00"}
