{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415707039","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3624793","title":"Near-Field Secure Beamfocusing With Receiver-Centered Protected Zone","display_name":"Near-Field Secure Beamfocusing With Receiver-Centered Protected Zone","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415707039","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3624793"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2025.3624793","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3624793","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053180405","display_name":"Cen Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118347636","display_name":"Australian National University","ror":"https://ror.org/019wvm592","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cen Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia","School of Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1492-3938","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085818373","display_name":"Xiangyun Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8973-9079"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118347636","display_name":"Australian National University","ror":"https://ror.org/019wvm592","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangyun Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia","School of Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8973-9079","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100680993","display_name":"Nan Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9373-5289"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118347636","display_name":"Australian National University","ror":"https://ror.org/019wvm592","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nan Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia","School of Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9373-5289","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013548437","display_name":"Salman Durrani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7124-282X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118347636","display_name":"Australian National University","ror":"https://ror.org/019wvm592","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Salman Durrani","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia","School of Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7124-282X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027055000","display_name":"A. Lee Swindlehurst","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0521-3107"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140243","display_name":"Samueli Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03teef091","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Lee Swindlehurst","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Pervasive Communications and Computing, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA","Henry Samueli School of Engineering, Center for Pervasive Communications and Computing, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0521-3107","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Pervasive Communications and Computing, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578","https://openalex.org/I4210140243"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henry Samueli School of Engineering, Center for Pervasive Communications and Computing, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578","https://openalex.org/I4210140243"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.19625193,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":null,"first_page":"6393","last_page":"6408"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.689300000667572,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.689300000667572,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.10010000318288803,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12791","display_name":"Full-Duplex Wireless Communications","score":0.0494999997317791,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-noise","display_name":"Artificial noise","score":0.696399986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secrecy","display_name":"Secrecy","score":0.609000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.4332999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/border-security","display_name":"Border Security","score":0.41760000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.41280001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minimax","display_name":"Minimax","score":0.3758000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secure-communication","display_name":"Secure communication","score":0.3734999895095825}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7192999720573425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780909371","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4801092","display_name":"Artificial noise","level":4,"score":0.696399986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776452267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1503443","display_name":"Secrecy","level":2,"score":0.609000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.45170000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4332999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.42669999599456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780934415","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20997131","display_name":"Border Security","level":2,"score":0.41760000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.41280001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149728462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q751319","display_name":"Minimax","level":2,"score":0.3758000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C510870077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7444868","display_name":"Secure communication","level":3,"score":0.3734999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.3725999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31243852","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1666739","display_name":"Stochastic geometry","level":2,"score":0.3652999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.3244999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779814227","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7444882","display_name":"Secure transmission","level":3,"score":0.322299987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.30809998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.2946999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.28529998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.25209999084472656}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2025.3624793","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3624793","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au:1885/733810942","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1885/733810942","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402539","display_name":"ANU Open Research (Australian National University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I118347636","host_organization_name":"Australian National University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"Journal article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1409155412","display_name":"Physical Layer Security for Wireless Machine-Type Communications","funder_award_id":"DP220101318","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","funder_display_name":"Australian Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","display_name":"Australian Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/05mmh0f86"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1967219667","https://openalex.org/W1970334960","https://openalex.org/W1992996890","https://openalex.org/W2007529001","https://openalex.org/W2009204314","https://openalex.org/W2049516452","https://openalex.org/W2059799853","https://openalex.org/W2103063389","https://openalex.org/W2135137654","https://openalex.org/W2142333440","https://openalex.org/W2158092196","https://openalex.org/W2160030828","https://openalex.org/W2259391824","https://openalex.org/W2264885058","https://openalex.org/W2269066968","https://openalex.org/W2622044750","https://openalex.org/W2773254562","https://openalex.org/W2782595241","https://openalex.org/W2799783748","https://openalex.org/W2963349810","https://openalex.org/W3035625450","https://openalex.org/W3137017608","https://openalex.org/W3206094445","https://openalex.org/W3213225772","https://openalex.org/W4205585032","https://openalex.org/W4293057548","https://openalex.org/W4297094903","https://openalex.org/W4324125657","https://openalex.org/W4385885073","https://openalex.org/W4389961093","https://openalex.org/W4391807577","https://openalex.org/W4393241042","https://openalex.org/W4394897019","https://openalex.org/W4399110306","https://openalex.org/W4403182858","https://openalex.org/W4403390152","https://openalex.org/W4404238508","https://openalex.org/W4405488174","https://openalex.org/W4407706826","https://openalex.org/W4409641095","https://openalex.org/W4410294638","https://openalex.org/W4414539128","https://openalex.org/W4415594517"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"work":[1],"studies":[2],"near-field":[3,155],"secure":[4,116,154],"communications":[5,117],"through":[6,118],"transmit":[7],"beamfocusing.":[8],"We":[9,92],"examine":[10],"the":[11,20,26,37,47,57,60,71,119,137],"benefit":[12],"of":[13,59,89,121],"having":[14],"a":[15,31,64,86,98,108,122,127],"protected":[16,38,109,124,142],"eavesdropper-free":[17],"zone":[18,125,143],"around":[19],"legitimate":[21,129],"receiver,":[22],"and":[23,51],"we":[24,62,114],"determine":[25],"worst-case":[27],"secrecy":[28],"performance":[29,84],"against":[30],"potential":[32],"eavesdropper":[33],"located":[34],"anywhere":[35],"outside":[36],"zone.":[39,110],"A":[40,75],"max-min":[41],"optimization":[42],"problem":[43],"is":[44,78,102,148],"formulated":[45],"for":[46,152],"beamfocusing":[48,147],"design":[49],"with":[50,144],"without":[52],"artificial":[53],"noise":[54],"transmission.":[55],"Despite":[56],"NP-hardness":[58],"problem,":[61],"develop":[63],"synchronous":[65],"gradient":[66],"descent-ascent":[67],"framework":[68],"that":[69,81,134],"approximates":[70],"global":[72],"maximin":[73],"solution.":[74],"low-complexity":[76],"solution":[77],"also":[79],"derived":[80],"delivers":[82],"excellent":[83],"over":[85],"wide":[87],"range":[88],"operating":[90],"conditions.":[91],"further":[93],"extend":[94],"this":[95,112],"study":[96],"to":[97,105],"scenario":[99],"where":[100],"it":[101],"not":[103],"possible":[104],"physically":[106],"enforce":[107],"To":[111],"end,":[113],"consider":[115],"creation":[120],"virtual":[123,140],"using":[126],"full-duplex":[128],"receiver.":[130],"Numerical":[131],"results":[132],"demonstrate":[133],"exploiting":[135],"either":[136],"physical":[138],"or":[139],"receiver-centered":[141],"appropriately":[145],"designed":[146],"an":[149],"effective":[150],"strategy":[151],"achieving":[153],"communications.":[156]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-30T00:00:00"}
