{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7101825859","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3624290","title":"Learning Precoding in Multi-User Multi-Antenna Systems: Transformer or Graph Transformer?","display_name":"Learning Precoding in Multi-User Multi-Antenna Systems: Transformer or Graph Transformer?","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7101825859","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3624290"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2025.3624290","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3624290","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yuxuan Duan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1309-4206"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yuxuan Duan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jia Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2134-7367"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jia Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Chenyang Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0058-0765"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenyang Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69520116,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":null,"first_page":"6284","last_page":"6300"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13015","display_name":"Botany, Ecology, and Taxonomy Studies","score":0.23600000143051147,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13015","display_name":"Botany, Ecology, and Taxonomy Studies","score":0.23600000143051147,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12568","display_name":"Plant Taxonomy and Phylogenetics","score":0.2257000058889389,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1105","display_name":"Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12455","display_name":"Mediterranean and Iberian flora and fauna","score":0.13379999995231628,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precoding","display_name":"Precoding","score":0.8237000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.6097000241279602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.46549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.4519999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/permutation","display_name":"Permutation (music)","score":0.34049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseband","display_name":"Baseband","score":0.33809998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph-embedding","display_name":"Graph embedding","score":0.32580000162124634}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160562895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239557","display_name":"Precoding","level":4,"score":0.8237000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6991000175476074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.6097000241279602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.46549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.4519999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.364300012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21308566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7169365","display_name":"Permutation (music)","level":2,"score":0.34049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65165936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q575784","display_name":"Baseband","level":3,"score":0.33809998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75564084","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5597085","display_name":"Graph embedding","level":3,"score":0.32580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88626702","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128903","display_name":"Continuation","level":2,"score":0.29120001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.27959999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.2757999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.2718000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.2669999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.2554999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155437304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8069444","display_name":"Zero-forcing precoding","level":5,"score":0.2529999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.2515999972820282}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2025.3624290","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3624290","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.5283074378967285}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1766761911","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62271024","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2792895487","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022YFB2902002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G433203721","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022YFB2902002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7599996129","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62401033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1970830346","https://openalex.org/W2072599023","https://openalex.org/W2259391824","https://openalex.org/W2788350651","https://openalex.org/W2908498346","https://openalex.org/W2971598376","https://openalex.org/W3111499798","https://openalex.org/W3111885788","https://openalex.org/W3160036209","https://openalex.org/W3189854358","https://openalex.org/W4213447155","https://openalex.org/W4288777480","https://openalex.org/W4306955484","https://openalex.org/W4319762935","https://openalex.org/W4367032391","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4386038394","https://openalex.org/W4386242147","https://openalex.org/W4387934956","https://openalex.org/W4388579657","https://openalex.org/W4389331914","https://openalex.org/W4389495271","https://openalex.org/W4390933258","https://openalex.org/W4391640534","https://openalex.org/W4392158279","https://openalex.org/W4392824812","https://openalex.org/W4393184912","https://openalex.org/W4393378444","https://openalex.org/W4394585786","https://openalex.org/W4394841759","https://openalex.org/W4396817463","https://openalex.org/W4402349404","https://openalex.org/W4402704582","https://openalex.org/W4403390129","https://openalex.org/W4403448224"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Transformers":[0,40,143],"have":[1,23],"been":[2,24],"designed":[3],"for":[4,29,43,88,163],"channel":[5,10,47],"acquisition":[6,48],"tasks":[7,14,44],"such":[8,15],"as":[9,16,73],"prediction":[11],"and":[12,49,98,144,161,171,179,182,189],"other":[13,45],"precoding,":[17],"while":[18],"graph":[19],"neural":[20],"networks":[21],"(GNNs)":[22],"demonstrated":[25],"to":[26,51,76,84,111,127,129],"be":[27,109],"efficient":[28,42],"learning":[30,66,147,176],"a":[31,117],"multitude":[32],"of":[33,55,95,114,119,132,168,184],"communication":[34],"tasks.":[35],"Nonetheless,":[36],"whether":[37],"or":[38],"not":[39],"are":[41,58,187],"than":[46],"how":[50,83],"reap":[52],"the":[53,78,86,92,105,112,120,130,140,145,165,185],"benefits":[54],"both":[56],"architectures":[57],"less":[59],"understood.":[60],"In":[61],"this":[62,153],"paper,":[63],"we":[64,138,155],"take":[65],"precoding":[67,96,170,173],"policies":[68,97],"in":[69],"multi-user":[70,100],"multi-antenna":[71],"systems":[72],"an":[74],"example":[75],"answer":[77],"questions.":[79],"We":[80],"first":[81],"show":[82],"tailor":[85],"Transformer":[87,107],"precoding.":[89],"By":[90],"leveraging":[91],"permutation":[93,121,166],"properties":[94,167],"reflecting":[99],"interference":[101],"with":[102,191],"attention":[103],"mechanism,":[104],"tailored":[106],"can":[108],"generalized":[110],"number":[113,131],"users.":[115],"Yet":[116],"part":[118],"property":[122],"is":[123],"still":[124],"overlooked,":[125],"leading":[126],"non-generalizability":[128],"antennas.":[133],"To":[134],"gain":[135],"useful":[136],"insights,":[137],"establish":[139],"relation":[141],"between":[142],"GNNs":[146],"over":[148],"heterogeneous":[149],"graphs.":[150],"Based":[151],"on":[152],"relation,":[154],"propose":[156],"Graph":[157],"Transformers,":[158],"namely":[159],"2D-":[160],"3D-Gformers,":[162],"exploiting":[164],"baseband":[169],"hybrid":[172],"policies.":[174],"The":[175],"performance,":[177],"inference":[178],"training":[180],"complexity,":[181],"size-generalizability":[183],"Gformers":[186],"evaluated":[188],"compared":[190],"existing":[192],"counterparts":[193],"via":[194],"simulations.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-29T00:00:00"}
