{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415482470","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3621695","title":"Performance Analysis and Optimization of MIMO Covert Communications With Finite-Alphabet Inputs","display_name":"Performance Analysis and Optimization of MIMO Covert Communications With Finite-Alphabet Inputs","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415482470","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3621695"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2025.3621695","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3621695","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057218453","display_name":"Chunqi Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0273-9525"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153300","display_name":"Shanghai Research Center for Wireless Communications","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfd0826","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153300"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chunqi Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Photonics and Communications, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Digital Media Processing and Transmission, Institute of Wireless Communications Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU), Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Photonics and Communications, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Digital Media Processing and Transmission, Institute of Wireless Communications Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU), Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153300"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020610689","display_name":"Manlin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7526-4567"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153300","display_name":"Shanghai Research Center for Wireless Communications","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfd0826","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153300"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manlin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Photonics and Communications, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Digital Media Processing and Transmission, Institute of Wireless Communications Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU), Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7526-4567","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Photonics and Communications, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Digital Media Processing and Transmission, Institute of Wireless Communications Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU), Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153300"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039201574","display_name":"Zhen Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9577-2411"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107198","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01qg56n75","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210107198","https://openalex.org/I4210110458","https://openalex.org/I4210147322"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Photonics and Communications, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Digital Media Processing and Transmission, SJTU, Shanghai, China","Department of Electronic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Photonics and Communications, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Digital Media Processing and Transmission, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9577-2411","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Photonics and Communications, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Digital Media Processing and Transmission, SJTU, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107198"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Photonics and Communications, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Digital Media Processing and Transmission, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100580183","display_name":"Xing Lv","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2237-6198"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153300","display_name":"Shanghai Research Center for Wireless Communications","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfd0826","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153300"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xing Lv","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Photonics and Communications, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Digital Media Processing and Transmission, Institute of Wireless Communications Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU), Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2237-6198","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Photonics and Communications, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Digital Media Processing and Transmission, Institute of Wireless Communications Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU), Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153300"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085292302","display_name":"Bin Xia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4713-5765"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153300","display_name":"Shanghai Research Center for Wireless Communications","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfd0826","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153300"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Photonics and Communications, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Digital Media Processing and Transmission, Institute of Wireless Communications Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU), Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4713-5765","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Photonics and Communications, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Digital Media Processing and Transmission, Institute of Wireless Communications Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU), Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153300"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5057218453"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153300"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.28665552,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":null,"first_page":"5922","last_page":"5934"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10796","display_name":"Cooperative Communication and Network Coding","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11321","display_name":"Error Correcting Code Techniques","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precoding","display_name":"Precoding","score":0.9283999800682068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.7020999789237976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert","display_name":"Covert","score":0.6413000226020813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter-power-output","display_name":"Transmitter power output","score":0.5404999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-noise","display_name":"Artificial noise","score":0.5091999769210815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.48899999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.45329999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.4350000023841858}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160562895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239557","display_name":"Precoding","level":4,"score":0.9283999800682068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7218000292778015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.7020999789237976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779338814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179285","display_name":"Covert","level":2,"score":0.6413000226020813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65422117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q358527","display_name":"Transmitter power output","level":4,"score":0.5404999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780909371","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4801092","display_name":"Artificial noise","level":4,"score":0.5091999769210815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.48899999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.45329999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.4350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.4327000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148063708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5072511","display_name":"Channel state information","level":3,"score":0.3935999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.3790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155437304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8069444","display_name":"Zero-forcing precoding","level":5,"score":0.3653999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.36480000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3637999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.35350000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.34630000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.3264000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.3131999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91330434","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q738298","display_name":"Multi-user MIMO","level":4,"score":0.2700999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.267300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.25110000371932983}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2025.3621695","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3621695","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8960235387","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62271309","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1992670341","https://openalex.org/W2002505593","https://openalex.org/W2064333058","https://openalex.org/W2098346479","https://openalex.org/W2109310734","https://openalex.org/W2122653429","https://openalex.org/W2140684029","https://openalex.org/W2147431204","https://openalex.org/W2165350939","https://openalex.org/W2541373058","https://openalex.org/W2562742260","https://openalex.org/W2896186474","https://openalex.org/W2963513299","https://openalex.org/W2967593805","https://openalex.org/W3003392456","https://openalex.org/W3006762012","https://openalex.org/W3083729781","https://openalex.org/W3110826876","https://openalex.org/W3185268715","https://openalex.org/W3195333310","https://openalex.org/W3205585862","https://openalex.org/W3206417983","https://openalex.org/W3213207990","https://openalex.org/W4210501140","https://openalex.org/W4220962655","https://openalex.org/W4295789373","https://openalex.org/W4312653776","https://openalex.org/W4318586180","https://openalex.org/W4319338676","https://openalex.org/W4320001217","https://openalex.org/W4321609174","https://openalex.org/W4321636777","https://openalex.org/W4323338579","https://openalex.org/W4324134946","https://openalex.org/W4366310722","https://openalex.org/W4367032219","https://openalex.org/W4387913870","https://openalex.org/W4388078207","https://openalex.org/W4389692423","https://openalex.org/W4390357257","https://openalex.org/W4391021473","https://openalex.org/W4392207806","https://openalex.org/W4392940040","https://openalex.org/W4406611668","https://openalex.org/W4409660312"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Covert":[0],"communications":[1],"have":[2],"recently":[3],"emerged":[4],"as":[5],"an":[6,90,164],"innovative":[7],"technology":[8],"to":[9,18,83,114,125,141,179],"enhance":[10],"communication":[11,68,100],"security":[12],"and":[13,133,195],"can":[14],"utilize":[15],"multiple":[16,80],"antennas":[17,81],"improve":[19],"system":[20],"performance.":[21,128],"Existing":[22],"transmit":[23,39,62,143,167,190],"precoding":[24,40,63,144,168,191],"algorithms":[25],"rely":[26],"on":[27,57,172],"the":[28,60,86,94,98,109,119,142,151,160,181,186,202],"Gaussian":[29,193],"inputs":[30,44,194],"assumption,":[31],"which":[32],"is":[33,70,101,112,123,177],"impractical":[34],"in":[35,51,72],"reality.":[36],"Notably,":[37],"conventional":[38],"strategies":[41],"for":[42,64,93,192],"finite-alphabet":[43,58,196],"lack":[45],"covertness":[46,127,152],"considerations,":[47],"limiting":[48],"their":[49],"effectiveness":[50],"ensuring":[52],"covert":[53,67,110,131,147],"communications.":[54],"Therefore,":[55],"based":[56,171],"inputs,":[59,197],"practical":[61],"multiple-input":[65],"multiple-output":[66],"systems":[69],"investigated":[71],"this":[73],"paper,":[74],"where":[75],"a":[76,155],"warder":[77],"equipped":[78],"with":[79,139],"aims":[82],"detect":[84],"whether":[85],"transmission":[87,116],"occurs.":[88],"Specifically,":[89],"explicit":[91],"expression":[92],"outage":[95],"probability":[96],"of":[97],"legitimate":[99],"derived":[102],"under":[103],"imperfect":[104],"channel":[105],"state":[106],"information.":[107],"Then":[108],"throughput":[111,132,148],"formulated":[113],"measure":[115],"performance,":[117],"while":[118,149,198],"Kullback-Leibler":[120],"(KL)":[121],"divergence":[122,135],"employed":[124],"evaluate":[126],"Since":[129],"both":[130],"KL":[134],"are":[136],"highly":[137],"non-convex":[138],"respect":[140],"matrix,":[145],"maximizing":[146],"satisfying":[150],"constraint":[153],"presents":[154],"significant":[156],"challenge.":[157],"To":[158],"address":[159],"intractable":[161],"optimization":[162,169],"problem,":[163],"effective":[165],"robust":[166],"algorithm":[170,204],"deep":[173],"reinforcement":[174],"learning":[175],"(DRL)":[176],"proposed":[178],"find":[180],"solution.":[182],"Numerical":[183],"results":[184],"highlight":[185],"key":[187],"differences":[188],"between":[189],"also":[199],"demonstrating":[200],"that":[201],"DRL":[203],"outperforms":[205],"other":[206],"benchmark":[207],"methods.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-01-10T23:39:48.068659","created_date":"2025-10-23T00:00:00"}