{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415178531","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3618997","title":"Clustered Random Beamforming and Hierarchical Modulation for Large Multi-User MIMO Downlinks","display_name":"Clustered Random Beamforming and Hierarchical Modulation for Large Multi-User MIMO Downlinks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415178531","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3618997"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2025.3618997","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3618997","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3618997","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079945685","display_name":"Hamidreza Khakzad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5416-253X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60342839","display_name":"Qatar University","ror":"https://ror.org/00yhnba62","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hamidreza Khakzad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering, Intelligent Information Processing Laboratory (IIPL), Qatar University, Doha, Qatar","Electrical Engineering, Intelligent Information Processing Lab (IIPL), Qatar University, Doha, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5416-253X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering, Intelligent Information Processing Laboratory (IIPL), Qatar University, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering, Intelligent Information Processing Lab (IIPL), Qatar University, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033628199","display_name":"Abbas Taherpour","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0706-5774"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I69425150","display_name":"Imam Khomeini International University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jeykk09","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69425150"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abbas Taherpour","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0706-5774","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69425150"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049937219","display_name":"Ahmed El Shafie","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153776","display_name":"Apple (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/059hsda18","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153776"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed El Shafie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Apple Inc., San Diego, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7315-8242","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Apple Inc., San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153776"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024641789","display_name":"Tamer Khattab","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2347-9555"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60342839","display_name":"Qatar University","ror":"https://ror.org/00yhnba62","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tamer Khattab","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering, Intelligent Information Processing Laboratory (IIPL), Qatar University, Doha, Qatar","Electrical Engineering, Intelligent Information Processing Lab (IIPL), Qatar University, Doha, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2347-9555","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering, Intelligent Information Processing Laboratory (IIPL), Qatar University, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering, Intelligent Information Processing Lab (IIPL), Qatar University, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062167084","display_name":"Mazen O. Hasna","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3088-6899"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60342839","display_name":"Qatar University","ror":"https://ror.org/00yhnba62","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mazen Omar Hasna","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering, Intelligent Information Processing Laboratory (IIPL), Qatar University, Doha, Qatar","Electrical Engineering, Intelligent Information Processing Lab (IIPL), Qatar University, Doha, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3088-6899","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering, Intelligent Information Processing Laboratory (IIPL), Qatar University, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering, Intelligent Information Processing Lab (IIPL), Qatar University, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.24785778,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":null,"first_page":"5477","last_page":"5489"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10125","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Techniques","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10575","display_name":"Wireless Communication Networks Research","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.7656000256538391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.7466999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.6983000040054321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.5824000239372253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5156000256538391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectral-efficiency","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","score":0.438400000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-service","display_name":"Quality of service","score":0.39010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-access","display_name":"Random access","score":0.35740000009536743}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7778000235557556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.7656000256538391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.7466999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.6983000040054321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.5824000239372253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5156000256538391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137246740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q583970","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","level":3,"score":0.438400000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.39010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101722063","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q218825","display_name":"Random access","level":2,"score":0.35740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3538999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.35019999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91330434","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q738298","display_name":"Multi-user MIMO","level":4,"score":0.34929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.3343000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3271999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138916503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2714551","display_name":"Link adaptation","level":4,"score":0.3246000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65422117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q358527","display_name":"Transmitter power output","level":4,"score":0.3224000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.30869999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160562895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239557","display_name":"Precoding","level":4,"score":0.3050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2962000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.2851000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.2847999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.26649999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.26019999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.25110000371932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182448111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7281197","display_name":"Radio resource management","level":4,"score":0.25029999017715454}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2025.3618997","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3618997","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2025.3618997","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3618997","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1517323370","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AICC03-0530-200033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336675","funder_display_name":"National Research, Development and Innovation Office"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5549423961","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AICC03-0530-200033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332753","funder_display_name":"Qatar National Research Fund"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332753","display_name":"Qatar National Research Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/01svaqq28"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336675","display_name":"National Research, Development and Innovation Office","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1553854886","https://openalex.org/W1594064992","https://openalex.org/W1974708997","https://openalex.org/W2023535408","https://openalex.org/W2037934617","https://openalex.org/W2047595175","https://openalex.org/W2073533609","https://openalex.org/W2074133790","https://openalex.org/W2083962008","https://openalex.org/W2090669469","https://openalex.org/W2101493165","https://openalex.org/W2120302973","https://openalex.org/W2128513990","https://openalex.org/W2141682101","https://openalex.org/W2143927285","https://openalex.org/W2157462620","https://openalex.org/W2163676306","https://openalex.org/W2169987006","https://openalex.org/W2170510856","https://openalex.org/W2218101785","https://openalex.org/W2732884034","https://openalex.org/W2762160885","https://openalex.org/W2793174211","https://openalex.org/W2801974178","https://openalex.org/W2956851423","https://openalex.org/W2963083075","https://openalex.org/W2966932878","https://openalex.org/W2969353886","https://openalex.org/W2974939732","https://openalex.org/W3043012182","https://openalex.org/W3047417371","https://openalex.org/W3153590903","https://openalex.org/W4223974641","https://openalex.org/W4292348120","https://openalex.org/W4312536677","https://openalex.org/W4321021943","https://openalex.org/W4322731085","https://openalex.org/W4384788065","https://openalex.org/W4384917009","https://openalex.org/W4387831822","https://openalex.org/W4388407869","https://openalex.org/W4389331900","https://openalex.org/W4389610267","https://openalex.org/W4389633654","https://openalex.org/W4394804942","https://openalex.org/W4402389401","https://openalex.org/W4402626839","https://openalex.org/W4403827265","https://openalex.org/W4406014487"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,100],"propose":[1],"a":[2,35,46,91,97,140],"novel":[3],"clustered":[4],"random":[5,150],"beamforming":[6,151],"(RBF)":[7],"scheme":[8,20,105,153],"for":[9,63,157],"multi-user":[10,158],"multiple-input":[11],"multiple-output":[12],"(MIMO)":[13],"downlink":[14,161],"systems.":[15],"The":[16,42],"objective":[17],"of":[18,26,38,74,87,96,111,120,128,167],"this":[19],"is":[21,61,154],"to":[22,66],"maximize":[23],"the":[24,72,75,85,103,109,117,121,126,129,147,165],"number":[25,110],"served":[27,112],"users":[28,89,113],"while":[29],"ensuring":[30],"that":[31,102,146],"each":[32,64],"user":[33],"meets":[34],"minimum":[36],"quality":[37],"service":[39],"(QoS)":[40],"requirement.":[41],"system":[43],"model":[44,82],"comprises":[45],"base":[47],"station":[48],"(BS)":[49],"equipped":[50],"with":[51],"multiple":[52,56],"transmit":[53],"antennas,":[54],"serving":[55],"users.":[57],"Hierarchical":[58],"modulation":[59],"(HM)":[60],"employed":[62],"beam":[65],"improve":[67],"spectral":[68],"efficiency.":[69],"To":[70],"analyze":[71],"performance":[73,136],"proposed":[76,104,148],"scheme,":[77],"we":[78,124],"develop":[79],"an":[80],"analytical":[81],"by":[83],"mapping":[84],"symbols":[86],"all":[88],"within":[90],"cluster":[92],"onto":[93],"different":[94],"layers":[95],"HM":[98,131],"constellation.":[99],"demonstrate":[101],"not":[106],"only":[107],"increases":[108],"but":[114],"also":[115],"enhances":[116],"sum-rate":[118],"capacity":[119],"system.":[122],"Additionally,":[123],"discuss":[125],"selection":[127],"optimal":[130],"parameter":[132],"based":[133],"on":[134],"predefined":[135],"requirements,":[137],"illustrated":[138],"through":[139],"sample":[141],"case.":[142],"Simulation":[143],"results":[144],"indicate":[145],"hierarchical":[149],"(HRBF)":[152],"highly":[155],"promising":[156],"massive":[159],"MIMO":[160],"systems,":[162],"particularly":[163],"in":[164],"context":[166],"5G":[168],"New":[169],"Radio":[170],"(NR)":[171],"and":[172,176],"future":[173],"6G":[174],"networks":[175],"beyond.":[177]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-15T00:00:00"}