{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414908415","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3615658","title":"Performance Analysis of STAR-RIS-Assisted Cell-Free Massive MIMO Systems With Electromagnetic Interference and Phase Errors","display_name":"Performance Analysis of STAR-RIS-Assisted Cell-Free Massive MIMO Systems With Electromagnetic Interference and Phase Errors","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414908415","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3615658"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2025.3615658","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3615658","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061915160","display_name":"Jun Qian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1116-0187"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Qian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Sai Kung, Hong Kong","Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1116-0187","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Sai Kung, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004541948","display_name":"Ross Murch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2527-7693"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ross Murch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Sai Kung, Hong Kong","Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2527-7693","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Sai Kung, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079052203","display_name":"Khaled B. Letaief","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2519-6401"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khaled B. Letaief","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Sai Kung, Hong Kong","Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2519-6401","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Sai Kung, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.3626,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93399896,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":null,"first_page":"4982","last_page":"5000"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10575","display_name":"Wireless Communication Networks Research","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.6726999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emi","display_name":"EMI","score":0.6723999977111816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.6470999717712402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electromagnetic-interference","display_name":"Electromagnetic interference","score":0.5796999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.5663999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectral-efficiency","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","score":0.5415999889373779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.4975000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.43380001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/performance-improvement","display_name":"Performance improvement","score":0.430400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase","display_name":"Phase (matter)","score":0.41589999198913574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7404000163078308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.6726999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43461449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2495531","display_name":"EMI","level":3,"score":0.6723999977111816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.6470999717712402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184892835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1474513","display_name":"Electromagnetic interference","level":2,"score":0.5796999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.5663999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137246740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q583970","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","level":3,"score":0.5415999889373779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.5400999784469604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.4975000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.43380001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778915421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3643177","display_name":"Performance improvement","level":2,"score":0.430400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.41589999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779679103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5251805","display_name":"Degradation (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.3944000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153258448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1199743","display_name":"Gradient descent","level":3,"score":0.3910999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.34850001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.3418999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.33410000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.32409998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91330434","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q738298","display_name":"Multi-user MIMO","level":4,"score":0.3018999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90652560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11091747","display_name":"Minimum mean square error","level":3,"score":0.29679998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.29580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56296756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840922","display_name":"Bit error rate","level":3,"score":0.2883000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148063708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5072511","display_name":"Channel state information","level":3,"score":0.28369998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65422117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q358527","display_name":"Transmitter power output","level":4,"score":0.274399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56685638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2300474","display_name":"Power control","level":3,"score":0.2727999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.2623000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134222854","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4683140","display_name":"Adjacent-channel interference","level":4,"score":0.2565000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6532628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5137431","display_name":"Co-channel interference","level":4,"score":0.2533000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106487976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685816","display_name":"Matrix (chemical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.2531999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83204339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7523915","display_name":"Single antenna interference cancellation","level":3,"score":0.25220000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.2515999972820282}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2025.3615658","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3615658","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.hkust.edu.hk:1783.1-169830","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.hkust.edu.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-169830","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2064191652","https://openalex.org/W2067145564","https://openalex.org/W2127401968","https://openalex.org/W2286275639","https://openalex.org/W2610350904","https://openalex.org/W2969519626","https://openalex.org/W2974046131","https://openalex.org/W2981174761","https://openalex.org/W2995592958","https://openalex.org/W3000950478","https://openalex.org/W3001739548","https://openalex.org/W3031223339","https://openalex.org/W3084194173","https://openalex.org/W3104556221","https://openalex.org/W3125788208","https://openalex.org/W3129486236","https://openalex.org/W3130099654","https://openalex.org/W3135998278","https://openalex.org/W3152961272","https://openalex.org/W3153831106","https://openalex.org/W3158898476","https://openalex.org/W3165173280","https://openalex.org/W3174042897","https://openalex.org/W3179557748","https://openalex.org/W3196709551","https://openalex.org/W3199166544","https://openalex.org/W3205217150","https://openalex.org/W3206093575","https://openalex.org/W3207043832","https://openalex.org/W3208651457","https://openalex.org/W3214686513","https://openalex.org/W4285281465","https://openalex.org/W4292387509","https://openalex.org/W4294310670","https://openalex.org/W4312915905","https://openalex.org/W4315629704","https://openalex.org/W4317892505","https://openalex.org/W4320029365","https://openalex.org/W4323065908","https://openalex.org/W4362654228","https://openalex.org/W4377291590","https://openalex.org/W4378841915","https://openalex.org/W4382203471","https://openalex.org/W4382317677","https://openalex.org/W4385489501","https://openalex.org/W4386025753","https://openalex.org/W4387068215","https://openalex.org/W4388207438","https://openalex.org/W4388623130","https://openalex.org/W4388895085","https://openalex.org/W4390187432","https://openalex.org/W4391547801","https://openalex.org/W4393285808","https://openalex.org/W4398187779","https://openalex.org/W4399601919","https://openalex.org/W4400711383","https://openalex.org/W4406367783","https://openalex.org/W4408324536"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Simultaneous":[0],"Transmitting":[1],"and":[2,44,62,71,113,124,150,157,167,183,201,222],"Reflecting":[3],"Reconfigurable":[4],"Intelligent":[5],"Surfaces":[6],"(STAR-RISs)":[7],"are":[8,133,197,204],"being":[9],"explored":[10],"for":[11,19,87,135,159],"sixth-generation":[12],"(6G)":[13],"wireless":[14],"networks.":[15],"A":[16],"promising":[17],"configuration":[18],"their":[20],"deployment":[21],"is":[22],"within":[23],"cell-free":[24,67],"massive":[25,68],"multiple-input":[26],"multiple-output":[27],"(MIMO)":[28],"systems.":[29],"However,":[30,191],"despite":[31],"the":[32,58,94,106,111,142,174,192,211,216],"advantages":[33,193],"that":[34,141],"STAR-RISs":[35],"could":[36],"bring,":[37],"challenges":[38],"such":[39],"as":[40],"electromagnetic":[41],"interference":[42],"(EMI)":[43],"phase":[45,63,125,151,202],"errors":[46,64,152,203],"may":[47],"lead":[48],"to":[49,74,118,153,208],"significant":[50],"performance":[51,121,136,160,221,225],"degradation.":[52],"In":[53],"this":[54],"paper,":[55],"we":[56],"investigate":[57],"impact":[59],"of":[60,110,176,194,213],"EMI":[61,123,149,200],"on":[65],"STAR-RIS-assisted":[66],"MIMO":[69],"systems":[70],"propose":[72],"techniques":[73],"mitigate":[75],"these":[76],"effects.":[77],"We":[78,103],"introduce":[79],"a":[80],"tailored":[81],"projected":[82,143],"gradient":[83],"descent":[84],"(GD)":[85],"algorithm":[86,145],"STAR-RIS":[88,184,196,214],"coefficient":[89],"matrix":[90],"design":[91],"by":[92],"minimizing":[93],"local":[95],"channel":[96],"estimation":[97,155],"normalized":[98],"mean":[99],"square":[100],"error":[101],"(NMSE).":[102],"also":[104,187],"derive":[105],"novel":[107],"closed-form":[108],"expressions":[109],"uplink":[112],"downlink":[114],"spectral":[115],"efficiency":[116],"(SE)":[117],"analyze":[119],"system":[120,218],"with":[122,162],"errors,":[126],"in":[127,215,227],"which":[128],"fractional":[129],"power":[130],"control":[131],"methods":[132],"introduced":[134],"improvement.":[137,171],"The":[138],"results":[139],"reveal":[140],"GD":[144],"can":[146,186],"effectively":[147],"tackle":[148],"improve":[154,188],"accuracy":[156],"compensate":[158],"degradation":[161,226],"nearly":[163],"30%":[164],"NMSE":[165],"improvement":[166],"over":[168],"10%":[169],"SE":[170,189],"Moreover,":[172],"increasing":[173],"number":[175],"access":[177],"points":[178],"(APs),":[179],"antennas":[180],"per":[181],"AP,":[182],"elements":[185],"performance.":[190],"employing":[195],"reduced":[198],"when":[199],"severe.":[205],"Notably,":[206],"compared":[207],"conventional":[209],"RISs,":[210],"incorporation":[212],"proposed":[217],"yields":[219],"better":[220],"presents":[223],"less":[224],"highly":[228],"impaired":[229],"environments.":[230]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-01-10T23:39:48.068659","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}