{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414499315","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3611629","title":"Generative AI-Based Hierarchical DRL Framework for RIS-Assisted THz Massive MIMO Systems","display_name":"Generative AI-Based Hierarchical DRL Framework for RIS-Assisted THz Massive MIMO Systems","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414499315","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3611629"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2025.3611629","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3611629","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060644315","display_name":"Abuzar B. M. Adam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9231-9734"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}],"countries":["LU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Abuzar B. M. Adam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg","Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9231-9734","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068227826","display_name":"Zaid Abdullah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1859-0729"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}],"countries":["LU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zaid Abdullah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg","Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1859-0729","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016154330","display_name":"Symeon Chatzinotas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5122-0001"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}],"countries":["LU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Symeon Chatzinotas","raw_affiliation_strings":["SnT, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5122-0001","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SnT, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5060644315"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6531,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74905742,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":null,"first_page":"4480","last_page":"4495"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10262","display_name":"Microwave Engineering and Waveguides","score":0.9857000112533569,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9656999707221985,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precoding","display_name":"Precoding","score":0.8266000151634216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.6292999982833862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.5752000212669373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.5665000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel-state-information","display_name":"Channel state information","score":0.49639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.4945000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path-loss","display_name":"Path loss","score":0.47119998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.46959999203681946}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160562895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239557","display_name":"Precoding","level":4,"score":0.8266000151634216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8194000124931335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.6292999982833862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.5752000212669373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.5665000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148063708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5072511","display_name":"Channel state information","level":3,"score":0.49639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.4945000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194273485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1478845","display_name":"Path loss","level":3,"score":0.47119998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.46959999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107816215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q647887","display_name":"Terahertz radiation","level":2,"score":0.4447999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4284000098705292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.41609999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.34950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.34470000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.33399999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.29249998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.28540000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65422117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q358527","display_name":"Transmitter power output","level":4,"score":0.28439998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.27970001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101765175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577764","display_name":"Communications system","level":2,"score":0.2786000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.27570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.26499998569488525}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2025.3611629","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3611629","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2615403133","https://openalex.org/W2767179702","https://openalex.org/W2921104505","https://openalex.org/W2964218543","https://openalex.org/W3158743991","https://openalex.org/W3159340208","https://openalex.org/W4220799200","https://openalex.org/W4226029525","https://openalex.org/W4280573907","https://openalex.org/W4285231928","https://openalex.org/W4296425646","https://openalex.org/W4317515958","https://openalex.org/W4318586167","https://openalex.org/W4327796581","https://openalex.org/W4361858306","https://openalex.org/W4388017411","https://openalex.org/W4388145750","https://openalex.org/W4391128349","https://openalex.org/W4392173868","https://openalex.org/W4393864550","https://openalex.org/W4394586120","https://openalex.org/W4396604696","https://openalex.org/W4399601919","https://openalex.org/W4400488213","https://openalex.org/W4400679159","https://openalex.org/W4401871080","https://openalex.org/W4401907055","https://openalex.org/W4404132494","https://openalex.org/W4405360471","https://openalex.org/W4406047342","https://openalex.org/W4407126450","https://openalex.org/W4407403537","https://openalex.org/W4408697678","https://openalex.org/W4409985705","https://openalex.org/W4410771553"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Terahertz":[0],"(THz)":[1],"massive":[2],"multiple-input":[3],"multiple-output":[4],"(mMIMO)":[5],"systems":[6],"offer":[7],"ultra-high":[8],"data":[9],"rates":[10],"but":[11,38],"face":[12],"significant":[13],"challenges":[14],"such":[15],"as":[16],"beam":[17],"squint":[18],"effects,":[19],"high":[20],"power":[21],"consumption,":[22],"severe":[23],"path":[24],"loss,":[25],"and":[26,75,95,97,102,108,124],"signal":[27],"blockage.":[28],"Incorporating":[29],"reconfigurable":[30],"intelligent":[31],"surfaces":[32],"(RIS)":[33],"can":[34],"mitigate":[35],"these":[36],"issues":[37],"complicates":[39],"channel":[40,63],"state":[41],"information":[42],"(CSI)":[43],"acquisition.":[44],"To":[45],"address":[46],"this,":[47],"we":[48],"propose":[49],"a":[50],"generative":[51],"artificial":[52],"intelligence-based":[53],"hierarchical":[54],"deep":[55],"reinforcement":[56],"learning":[57],"(GAI-HDRL)":[58],"framework":[59],"that":[60],"jointly":[61],"performs":[62],"prediction,":[64],"hybrid":[65],"precoding":[66],"at":[67,78],"the":[68,79,90],"base":[69],"station":[70],"(BS),":[71],"passive":[72],"RIS":[73,103],"beamforming,":[74],"digital":[76],"combining":[77],"UE":[80],"to":[81],"minimize":[82],"transmit":[83],"power.":[84],"The":[85],"proposed":[86],"GAI-HDRL":[87],"efficiently":[88],"decomposes":[89],"optimization":[91],"into":[92],"high-level":[93],"(precoding":[94],"combining)":[96],"low-level":[98],"actions":[99],"(CSI":[100],"prediction":[101,110],"configuration),":[104],"achieving":[105],"fast":[106],"convergence":[107],"improved":[109],"accuracy.":[111],"Simulation":[112],"results":[113],"confirm":[114],"its":[115],"superiority":[116],"over":[117],"state-of-the-art":[118],"methods":[119],"in":[120,130],"terms":[121],"of":[122],"performance":[123],"computational":[125],"efficiency,":[126],"demonstrating":[127],"practical":[128],"viability":[129],"THz":[131],"communications.":[132]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-01-10T23:39:48.068659","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
