{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414008206","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3603722","title":"A Novel Hybrid Optical and STAR IRS System for NTN Communications","display_name":"A Novel Hybrid Optical and STAR IRS System for NTN Communications","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414008206","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3603722"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2025.3603722","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3603722","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034397442","display_name":"Shunyuan Shang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8352-6141"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shunyuan Shang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Makkah, Saudi Arabia","Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Makkah Province, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Makkah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Makkah Province, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034479218","display_name":"Emna Zedini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1498-8457"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092198","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Flint","ror":"https://ror.org/01c3xc117","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092198"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emna Zedini","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Innovation and Technology, University of Michigan–Flint, Flint, MI, USA","College of Innovation and Technology, University of Michigan-Flint, Flint, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Innovation and Technology, University of Michigan–Flint, Flint, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092198"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Innovation and Technology, University of Michigan-Flint, Flint, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092198"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006716265","display_name":"Abla Kammoun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0195-3159"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abla Kammoun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Makkah, Saudi Arabia","Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Makkah Province, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Makkah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Makkah Province, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083193286","display_name":"Mohamed\u2010Slim Alouini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4827-1793"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed-Slim Alouini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Makkah, Saudi Arabia","Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Makkah Province, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Makkah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Makkah Province, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5034397442"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4361,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84528491,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":null,"first_page":"3391","last_page":"3405"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9424999952316284,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9424999952316284,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14158","display_name":"Optical Systems and Laser Technology","score":0.9300000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5906668901443481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/star","display_name":"Star (game theory)","score":0.5425472855567932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.432498037815094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.22791963815689087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/astrophysics","display_name":"Astrophysics","score":0.14992839097976685}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5906668901443481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780897414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600592","display_name":"Star (game theory)","level":2,"score":0.5425472855567932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.432498037815094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.22791963815689087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.14992839097976685}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2025.3603722","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3603722","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W73186599","https://openalex.org/W1556909464","https://openalex.org/W1967280221","https://openalex.org/W1972485395","https://openalex.org/W2022715688","https://openalex.org/W2053484135","https://openalex.org/W2145520942","https://openalex.org/W2263466419","https://openalex.org/W2280925924","https://openalex.org/W2331688265","https://openalex.org/W2553468369","https://openalex.org/W2785264355","https://openalex.org/W2807940511","https://openalex.org/W2981096252","https://openalex.org/W3002159761","https://openalex.org/W3114322375","https://openalex.org/W3121030234","https://openalex.org/W3167144080","https://openalex.org/W3167683018","https://openalex.org/W4210870024","https://openalex.org/W4210906679","https://openalex.org/W4226061238","https://openalex.org/W4241022222","https://openalex.org/W4241055678","https://openalex.org/W4285118548","https://openalex.org/W4311777972","https://openalex.org/W4312560499","https://openalex.org/W4362683491","https://openalex.org/W4384080786","https://openalex.org/W4388017757","https://openalex.org/W4391128574","https://openalex.org/W4391407229","https://openalex.org/W4396604696","https://openalex.org/W4399526399","https://openalex.org/W4401943243","https://openalex.org/W4402834157","https://openalex.org/W4404809476","https://openalex.org/W4405022493","https://openalex.org/W4405490481","https://openalex.org/W4405602002","https://openalex.org/W4409076556","https://openalex.org/W4410204581","https://openalex.org/W4410294654","https://openalex.org/W4410738504"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1,107],"proposes":[2],"a":[3,38,58,81,86,109,129],"novel":[4,130,182],"non-terrestrial":[5],"networks":[6],"(NTNs)":[7],"system":[8,35,197],"that":[9],"integrates":[10],"optical":[11,43],"intelligent":[12],"reflecting":[13,20,22],"surfaces":[14,23],"(OIRS)":[15],"and":[16,19,94,105,131,165],"simultaneous":[17],"transmitting":[18],"Intelligent":[21],"(STAR-IRS)":[24],"to":[25,47,88,142],"address":[26],"critical":[27],"challenges":[28],"in":[29,173],"next-generation":[30],"communication":[31,90],"networks.":[32],"The":[33,63,97],"proposed":[34],"model":[36,111],"features":[37],"signal":[39,74],"transmitted":[40,79],"from":[41],"the":[42,48,117,125,147,176],"ground":[44],"station":[45,50],"(OGS)":[46],"earth":[49],"(ES)":[51],"via":[52],"an":[53,66],"OIRS":[54,120],"mounted":[55],"horizontally":[56],"on":[57,85,146],"high":[59,189],"altitude":[60],"platform":[61],"(HAP).":[62],"ES":[64],"uses":[65],"amplify-and-forward":[67],"(AF)":[68],"relay":[69],"with":[70,91],"fixed":[71],"gain":[72],"for":[73,114,155,180],"relaying,":[75],"which":[76],"is":[77,136],"then":[78],"through":[80],"STAR-IRS":[82],"vertically":[83],"installed":[84],"building":[87],"facilitate":[89],"both":[92],"indoor":[93],"outdoor":[95],"users.":[96],"FSO":[98],"link":[99],"incorporates":[100],"(multiple-input":[101],"multiple-output)":[102],"MIMO":[103],"technology,":[104],"this":[106,181],"develops":[108],"channel":[110],"specifically":[112],"designed":[113],"scenarios":[115],"where":[116],"number":[118],"of":[119,175],"units":[121],"exceeds":[122],"one.":[123],"For":[124],"radio-frequency":[126],"(RF)":[127],"link,":[128],"highly":[132],"precise":[133],"approximation":[134],"method":[135],"introduced,":[137],"offering":[138],"superior":[139],"accuracy":[140],"compared":[141],"traditional":[143],"approaches":[144],"based":[145],"central":[148],"limit":[149],"theorem":[150],"(CLT).":[151],"Closed-form":[152],"analytical":[153],"expressions":[154,187],"key":[156],"performance":[157],"metrics,":[158],"including":[159],"outage":[160],"probability":[161],"(OP),":[162],"ergodic":[163],"capacity":[164],"average":[166],"bit":[167],"error":[168],"rate":[169],"(BER)":[170],"are":[171,191],"derived":[172],"terms":[174],"bivariate":[177],"Fox-H":[178],"function":[179],"five":[183],"hops":[184],"system.":[185],"Asymptotic":[186],"at":[188],"SNR":[190],"also":[192],"presented,":[193],"providing":[194],"insights":[195],"into":[196],"diversity":[198],"order.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T15:55:50.835912","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}