{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413847024","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3601793","title":"Beam-Switching-Based Time-of-Arrival Ranging on Commercial 5G NR Signals for Outdoor Positioning","display_name":"Beam-Switching-Based Time-of-Arrival Ranging on Commercial 5G NR Signals for Outdoor Positioning","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413847024","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3601793"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2025.3601793","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3601793","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052232623","display_name":"Wenxin Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7834-0844"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenxin Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7834-0844","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728","https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100334622","display_name":"Liang Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7083-6001"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liang Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7083-6001","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728","https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039598620","display_name":"Zhanghai Ju","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8699-3637"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhanghai Ju","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8699-3637","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728","https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000982589","display_name":"Tao Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6289-3834"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6289-3834","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728","https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008045675","display_name":"Zhaoliang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9411-5380"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151727225","display_name":"Harbin Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x80pn82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhaoliang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9411-5380","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029924052","display_name":"Ruizhi Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6683-2342"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116924","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen","ror":"https://ror.org/02d5ks197","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I180726961","https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruizhi Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Data Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China","State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6683-2342","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Data Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728","https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5352,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70060261,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":null,"first_page":"3121","last_page":"3136"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9873999953269958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9861999750137329,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranging","display_name":"Ranging","score":0.895001232624054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5731948018074036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-of-arrival","display_name":"Time of arrival","score":0.5622792840003967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.3860468864440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.38478121161460876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3772554099559784}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.895001232624054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5731948018074036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163150518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4135208","display_name":"Time of arrival","level":3,"score":0.5622792840003967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.3860468864440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.38478121161460876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3772554099559784}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2025.3601793","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3601793","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2206093680","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AA22068072","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329860","funder_display_name":"National Science and Technology Major Project"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2257841085","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42171417","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6498466714","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AA22068072","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335965","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Major Project of Guangxi"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8221767251","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BG2024003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335957","funder_display_name":"Major Science and Technology Project of Hainan Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329860","display_name":"National Science and Technology Major Project","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335957","display_name":"Major Science and Technology Project of Hainan Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335965","display_name":"Science and Technology Major Project of Guangxi","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1983301216","https://openalex.org/W1985643633","https://openalex.org/W2127271355","https://openalex.org/W2154621370","https://openalex.org/W2240192984","https://openalex.org/W2605344455","https://openalex.org/W2776656643","https://openalex.org/W2906229647","https://openalex.org/W2972809465","https://openalex.org/W2999043856","https://openalex.org/W3045496147","https://openalex.org/W3089013019","https://openalex.org/W3119423242","https://openalex.org/W3126504382","https://openalex.org/W3132704706","https://openalex.org/W3134592264","https://openalex.org/W3145920807","https://openalex.org/W3200521553","https://openalex.org/W3206060486","https://openalex.org/W3207004091","https://openalex.org/W3207822900","https://openalex.org/W3211707454","https://openalex.org/W4226360729","https://openalex.org/W4283325729","https://openalex.org/W4291801100","https://openalex.org/W4292672216","https://openalex.org/W4308480317","https://openalex.org/W4312881371","https://openalex.org/W4327522450","https://openalex.org/W4352976873","https://openalex.org/W4387449425","https://openalex.org/W4392796633","https://openalex.org/W4393305248","https://openalex.org/W4400644893","https://openalex.org/W4401806720","https://openalex.org/W4407782579","https://openalex.org/W4411336823"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2154571284","https://openalex.org/W1997922601","https://openalex.org/W2763154590","https://openalex.org/W2110423696","https://openalex.org/W2091162991","https://openalex.org/W3014523210","https://openalex.org/W2046534068","https://openalex.org/W2951048468","https://openalex.org/W2938859826","https://openalex.org/W3130963393"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"widespread":[1],"adoption":[2],"of":[3,72,149,163],"5G":[4,30,124],"wireless":[5],"communication":[6],"devices":[7],"has":[8],"significantly":[9],"increased":[10],"the":[11,42,70,135,142],"demand":[12],"for":[13,50,98,109,117,127],"precise":[14],"5G-based":[15],"positioning":[16],"services.":[17],"This":[18],"study":[19],"presents":[20],"a":[21,59,79,87],"beam-switching":[22,82],"time-of-arrival":[23],"(TOA)":[24],"ranging":[25,147,166],"technique":[26],"that":[27],"leverages":[28],"commercial":[29,128],"new":[31],"radio":[32,122],"(NR)":[33],"signals":[34],"and":[35,113,151],"channel":[36,45],"state":[37],"information":[38],"(CSI)":[39],"extracted":[40],"from":[41],"physical":[43],"broadcast":[44],"(PBCH).":[46],"Initially,":[47],"theoretical":[48],"conditions":[49],"consistent":[51],"multi-beam":[52,60],"TOA":[53,88,111],"estimation":[54],"are":[55],"derived,":[56],"along":[57],"with":[58],"demodulation":[61],"method":[62],"designed":[63],"to":[64,133,159],"meet":[65],"these":[66],"conditions.":[67],"To":[68],"overcome":[69],"challenge":[71],"unknown":[73],"base":[74],"station":[75],"(BS)":[76],"radiation":[77],"patterns,":[78],"signal":[80],"quality-based":[81],"strategy":[83],"is":[84,91,131],"developed.":[85],"Furthermore,":[86],"tracking":[89],"framework":[90],"introduced,":[92],"integrating":[93],"orthogonal":[94],"matching":[95],"pursuit":[96],"(OMP)":[97],"multipath":[99],"resolution,":[100],"second-order":[101],"frequency-locked":[102],"loop":[103,107],"(FLL)-assisted":[104],"third-order":[105],"delay-locked":[106],"(DLL)":[108],"robust":[110],"tracking,":[112],"total":[114],"variation":[115],"regularization":[116],"anomaly":[118],"removal.":[119],"A":[120],"software-defined":[121],"(SDR)":[123],"receiver":[125],"tailored":[126],"beamforming":[129],"BSs":[130],"implemented":[132],"validate":[134],"proposed":[136,143],"system.":[137],"With":[138],"clock":[139],"effects":[140],"removed,":[141],"system":[144],"yields":[145],"root-mean-square":[146],"errors":[148],"3.73m":[150],"4.99m":[152],"in":[153,165],"two":[154],"distinct":[155],"complex":[156],"scenarios,":[157],"corresponding":[158],"an":[160],"average":[161],"improvement":[162],"69%":[164],"accuracy":[167],"over":[168],"single-beam":[169],"methods.":[170]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
