{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413156720","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3596087","title":"Joint Beamforming and Reflection Design for Maximizing Energy Efficiency of RIS-Assisted ISAC Systems","display_name":"Joint Beamforming and Reflection Design for Maximizing Energy Efficiency of RIS-Assisted ISAC Systems","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413156720","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3596087"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2025.3596087","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3596087","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100429027","display_name":"Wenhui Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1646-8201"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I167027274","display_name":"Nanjing Forestry University","ror":"https://ror.org/03m96p165","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I167027274"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenhui Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Technology & Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China","College of Information Science and Technology & Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing Foresty University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Technology & Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167027274"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Technology & Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing Foresty University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059022566","display_name":"Wanguo Jiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2075-3312"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I167027274","display_name":"Nanjing Forestry University","ror":"https://ror.org/03m96p165","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I167027274"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wanguo Jiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Technology & Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China","College of Information Science and Technology & Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing Foresty University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2075-3312","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Technology & Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167027274"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Technology & Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing Foresty University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xian Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9762-3859"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I167027274","display_name":"Nanjing Forestry University","ror":"https://ror.org/03m96p165","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I167027274"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xian Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Technology & Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China","College of Information Science and Technology & Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing Foresty University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9762-3859","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Technology & Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167027274"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Technology & Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing Foresty University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001552076","display_name":"Chenhao Qi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7360-939X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenhao Qi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7360-939X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.2414,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98011754,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":null,"first_page":"2297","last_page":"2311"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9909999966621399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9894999861717224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.7943108081817627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/joint","display_name":"Joint (building)","score":0.792455792427063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6899126768112183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflection","display_name":"Reflection (computer programming)","score":0.5981457829475403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.4958580434322357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.4408131539821625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.23829615116119385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.14032241702079773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architectural-engineering","display_name":"Architectural engineering","score":0.07246720790863037}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.7943108081817627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18555067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8375051","display_name":"Joint (building)","level":2,"score":0.792455792427063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6899126768112183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65682993","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1056451","display_name":"Reflection (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.5981457829475403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.4958580434322357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.4408131539821625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.23829615116119385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14032241702079773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170154142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150737","display_name":"Architectural engineering","level":1,"score":0.07246720790863037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2025.3596087","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3596087","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8700000047683716,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5958567150","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U22B2007","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2042599231","https://openalex.org/W2295566694","https://openalex.org/W2508393166","https://openalex.org/W2765601242","https://openalex.org/W2971738358","https://openalex.org/W2972757045","https://openalex.org/W2993508366","https://openalex.org/W2996852472","https://openalex.org/W3006143078","https://openalex.org/W3134454378","https://openalex.org/W3193816080","https://openalex.org/W3194620979","https://openalex.org/W3209801506","https://openalex.org/W3211270128","https://openalex.org/W4205204500","https://openalex.org/W4313886683","https://openalex.org/W4317794926","https://openalex.org/W4320018439","https://openalex.org/W4321780112","https://openalex.org/W4322706724","https://openalex.org/W4327928524","https://openalex.org/W4361801433","https://openalex.org/W4366378132","https://openalex.org/W4381785932","https://openalex.org/W4385250845","https://openalex.org/W4385413464","https://openalex.org/W4386824700","https://openalex.org/W4388692603","https://openalex.org/W4389925691","https://openalex.org/W4390534227","https://openalex.org/W4391092702","https://openalex.org/W4391093050","https://openalex.org/W4391547642","https://openalex.org/W4391582656","https://openalex.org/W4392173781","https://openalex.org/W4393372854","https://openalex.org/W4393906028","https://openalex.org/W4394698864","https://openalex.org/W4396852905","https://openalex.org/W4399110229","https://openalex.org/W4399618828","https://openalex.org/W4401070712","https://openalex.org/W4402592443","https://openalex.org/W4402673407","https://openalex.org/W4402769192"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2963170046","https://openalex.org/W2376244802","https://openalex.org/W1971477554","https://openalex.org/W2158075901","https://openalex.org/W818226659","https://openalex.org/W2923631784","https://openalex.org/W2130785056","https://openalex.org/W2567141277","https://openalex.org/W2132841313","https://openalex.org/W2727286692"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Energy":[0],"efficiency":[1],"(EE)":[2],"is":[3,88,134,154,167],"an":[4,91,145],"important":[5],"metric":[6],"of":[7,45,79,97,103,111,160],"both":[8],"the":[9,20,42,46,63,67,77,80,85,95,104,107,112,123,132,151,158,161,177,191,195,208,214,221],"communication":[10,29,162],"and":[11,28,54,59,71,82,106,127,140,181,190,194,218],"sensing":[12,27,98],"systems,":[13],"which":[14],"has":[15],"not":[16],"been":[17],"studied":[18],"in":[19,56],"reconfigurable":[21],"intelligent":[22],"surface":[23],"(RIS)":[24],"assisted":[25,48],"integrated":[26],"(ISAC)":[30],"system":[31,50],"with":[32,51,94],"partial":[33],"blocked":[34],"direct":[35,64],"links.":[36],"In":[37],"this":[38],"paper,":[39],"we":[40],"consider":[41],"EE":[43,81,86,159,222],"optimization":[44,92,138,141,153],"RIS":[47,128,196],"ISAC":[49],"multiple":[52],"users":[53],"targets":[55,72],"a":[57,135],"new":[58],"common":[60],"scenario":[61],"where":[62],"links":[65],"between":[66],"base":[68],"station":[69],"(BS)":[70],"are":[73,143,187,199],"blocked.":[74],"Through":[75],"analyzing":[76],"expression":[78],"signal":[83],"relation,":[84],"maximization":[87],"modeled":[89],"as":[90],"problem":[93,116,133,139,166],"constraints":[96],"mutual":[99],"information,":[100],"transmit":[101],"power":[102],"BS,":[105],"reflecting":[108],"coefficients":[109],"restrict":[110],"passive":[113],"RIS.":[114],"The":[115,164,203],"can":[117,211],"be":[118],"solved":[119],"by":[120,175],"finding":[121],"out":[122],"optimal":[124],"beamforming":[125,192],"matrix":[126,193],"phase":[129,197],"shift.":[130],"As":[131],"complex":[136],"non-convex":[137],"variables":[142],"coupled,":[144],"effective":[146],"approximation":[147,180],"algorithm":[148,210],"based":[149],"on":[150],"alternating":[152],"proposed":[155,209],"to":[156,213],"maximize":[157],"part.":[163],"original":[165],"first":[168],"decomposed":[169],"into":[170],"two":[171,185],"subproblems.":[172],"And":[173],"then,":[174],"using":[176],"sequential":[178],"convex":[179],"Dinkelbach":[182],"algorithm,":[183],"these":[184],"subproblems":[186],"alternately":[188,200],"solved,":[189],"shift":[198],"optimized":[201,215],"accordingly.":[202],"simulation":[204],"results":[205],"show":[206],"that":[207],"converge":[212],"value":[216],"rapidly":[217],"significantly":[219],"improve":[220],"performance.":[223]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}