{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413137124","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3594254","title":"Performance Analysis of BDMA Transmission in Asynchronous Scalable CF-RAN Systems","display_name":"Performance Analysis of BDMA Transmission in Asynchronous Scalable CF-RAN Systems","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413137124","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3594254"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2025.3594254","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3594254","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075661792","display_name":"Yunxiang Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8158-1684"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunxiang Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8158-1684","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100737019","display_name":"Dongming Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2762-6567"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongming Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2762-6567","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022015602","display_name":"Xinjiang Xia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3326-8022"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinjiang Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3326-8022","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100730414","display_name":"Jiamin Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4527-3147"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiamin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4527-3147","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050166453","display_name":"Pengcheng Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9867-7041"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengcheng Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9867-7041","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072916702","display_name":"Xiaohu You","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0809-8511"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohu You","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0809-8511","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029002143","display_name":"Jiangzhou Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0881-3594"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiangzhou Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0881-3594","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.13302259,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":null,"first_page":"2012","last_page":"2027"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11932","display_name":"Wireless Body Area Networks","score":0.9821000099182129,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11932","display_name":"Wireless Body Area Networks","score":0.9821000099182129,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9815000295639038,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10575","display_name":"Wireless Communication Networks Research","score":0.9700000286102295,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asynchronous-communication","display_name":"Asynchronous communication","score":0.7596333026885986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7215533256530762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ran","display_name":"Ran","score":0.5950927734375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.5173744559288025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5156187415122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.48461446166038513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/c-ran","display_name":"C-RAN","score":0.47589194774627686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3708292841911316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.18359246850013733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-access-network","display_name":"Radio access network","score":0.1431795060634613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.07254132628440857}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151319957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752739","display_name":"Asynchronous communication","level":2,"score":0.7596333026885986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7215533256530762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160704184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18031028","display_name":"Ran","level":2,"score":0.5950927734375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5173744559288025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5156187415122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.48461446166038513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779765720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5005908","display_name":"C-RAN","level":5,"score":0.47589194774627686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3708292841911316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.18359246850013733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106365562","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3078360","display_name":"Radio access network","level":4,"score":0.1431795060634613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.07254132628440857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207029474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q384018","display_name":"Mobile station","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2025.3594254","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3594254","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.6000000238418579}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G259862370","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023YFB2603802","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5965185695","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62371346","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6895962253","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2242022k60006","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1518945650","https://openalex.org/W1971443733","https://openalex.org/W2001715686","https://openalex.org/W2128513990","https://openalex.org/W2147601077","https://openalex.org/W2164153974","https://openalex.org/W2238937638","https://openalex.org/W2286275639","https://openalex.org/W2561566304","https://openalex.org/W2610350904","https://openalex.org/W2770606349","https://openalex.org/W2800897465","https://openalex.org/W2803887634","https://openalex.org/W2928963866","https://openalex.org/W2964181991","https://openalex.org/W2965123227","https://openalex.org/W2974046131","https://openalex.org/W3004382263","https://openalex.org/W3011157082","https://openalex.org/W3027900222","https://openalex.org/W3114965973","https://openalex.org/W3126485115","https://openalex.org/W3188358066","https://openalex.org/W3197134600","https://openalex.org/W4214859868","https://openalex.org/W4221142974","https://openalex.org/W4221145524","https://openalex.org/W4318586278","https://openalex.org/W4321498527","https://openalex.org/W4322576964","https://openalex.org/W4382888720","https://openalex.org/W4384158362","https://openalex.org/W4385194796","https://openalex.org/W4386025740","https://openalex.org/W4388740161","https://openalex.org/W4406857868","https://openalex.org/W4406858634"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2885627391","https://openalex.org/W4401508502","https://openalex.org/W4324323655","https://openalex.org/W2922954044","https://openalex.org/W4408041959","https://openalex.org/W3037103914","https://openalex.org/W1982654631","https://openalex.org/W3018338683","https://openalex.org/W3197340217","https://openalex.org/W4389104756"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"scalable":[1,80,133,155,207,229],"cell-free":[2,9],"radio":[3,164],"access":[4,150],"network":[5],"(CF-RAN),":[6],"built":[7],"on":[8,87,174,184,239],"massive":[10],"multiple-input":[11],"multiple-output":[12],"(CF-mMIMO)":[13],"networks,":[14],"achieves":[15],"a":[16,146],"critical":[17],"trade-off":[18],"between":[19],"computational":[20],"complexity":[21],"and":[22,96,116,127,195,224,247],"system":[23,65,250],"performance":[24,227],"in":[25,47,79,132,205,228],"cooperative":[26,55],"transmission":[27,40,152,226,241],"through":[28],"the":[29,72,124,200,234],"rational":[30],"division":[31,148],"of":[32,75,203],"physical-layer":[33],"functionalities.":[34],"However,":[35],"due":[36],"to":[37,58,167,188],"its":[38],"distributed":[39],"architecture,":[41],"unavoidable":[42],"propagation":[43],"delay":[44,181],"differences":[45],"arise":[46],"signal":[48],"arrival":[49],"times":[50],"across":[51],"different":[52],"receivers":[53],"during":[54],"transmission,":[56],"leading":[57],"asynchronous":[59,76,117,137,141,190,206,217],"reception":[60,77,118,142,218],"effects":[61,78,219,246],"that":[62,216],"severely":[63],"degrade":[64,221],"performance.":[66,251],"In":[67,232],"this":[68,175],"paper,":[69],"we":[70,144,177],"analyze":[71],"specific":[73],"impacts":[74],"CF-RAN":[81,134,156,208,230],"systems,":[82,157],"including":[83],"accumulated":[84],"phase":[85],"offset":[86],"received":[88,191],"signals,":[89],"as":[90,92,193],"well":[91],"inter-carrier":[93],"interference":[94,98],"(ICI)":[95],"intersymbol":[97],"(ISI).":[99],"We":[100],"investigate":[101],"channel":[102,106,222],"estimation":[103,223],"under":[104,136],"non-ideal":[105],"state":[107],"information":[108],"(CSI)":[109],"acquisition":[110],"caused":[111],"by":[112],"non-orthogonal":[113],"pilot":[114],"sequences":[115],"effects,":[119,143],"deriving":[120],"closed-form":[121,197],"expressions":[122,198],"for":[123,199],"achievable":[125,201],"uplink":[126],"downlink":[128],"spectral":[129],"efficiency":[130],"(SE)":[131],"systems":[135,209],"conditions.":[138],"To":[139],"mitigate":[140],"introduce":[145],"beam":[147],"multiple":[149],"(BDMA)":[151],"scheme":[153],"into":[154],"leveraging":[158],"large-scale":[159],"antenna":[160,186],"arrays":[161,187],"at":[162],"remote":[163],"units":[165],"(RRUs)":[166],"achieve":[168],"beam-domain":[169],"multi-user":[170],"spatial":[171],"multiplexing.":[172],"Building":[173],"framework,":[176],"implement":[178],"per-beam":[179],"time":[180],"compensation":[182],"(PBTDC)":[183],"RRU":[185],"approximate":[189],"signals":[192],"synchronized":[194],"derive":[196],"SE":[202],"uplink/downlink":[204],"with":[210],"PBTDC":[211,236],"architecture.":[212],"Numerical":[213],"simulations":[214],"demonstrate":[215],"significantly":[220],"data":[225],"systems.":[231],"contrast,":[233],"proposed":[235],"architecture":[237],"based":[238],"BDMA":[240],"effectively":[242],"mitigates":[243],"these":[244],"adverse":[245],"substantially":[248],"enhances":[249]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-17T09:13:05.818461","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
