{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411798874","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3582036","title":"Performance Analysis for URLLC in Cell-Free Massive MIMO Systems With Limited Fronthaul Capacity and Hardware Impairments","display_name":"Performance Analysis for URLLC in Cell-Free Massive MIMO Systems With Limited Fronthaul Capacity and Hardware Impairments","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411798874","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3582036"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2025.3582036","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3582036","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027486797","display_name":"Baolin Chong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2562-3966"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baolin Chong","raw_affiliation_strings":["CAS Key Laboratory of Wireless-Optical Communications, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2562-3966","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CAS Key Laboratory of Wireless-Optical Communications, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056273339","display_name":"Hancheng Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8302-4996"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hancheng Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["CAS Key Laboratory of Wireless-Optical Communications, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8302-4996","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CAS Key Laboratory of Wireless-Optical Communications, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003613250","display_name":"Fengqian Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7614-5631"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fengqian Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["CAS Key Laboratory of Wireless-Optical Communications, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7614-5631","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CAS Key Laboratory of Wireless-Optical Communications, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026506859","display_name":"Zhenyu Xue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0091-334X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenyu Xue","raw_affiliation_strings":["CAS Key Laboratory of Wireless-Optical Communications, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CAS Key Laboratory of Wireless-Optical Communications, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5732,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.62615523,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":null,"first_page":"163","last_page":"176"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10847","display_name":"Advanced Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.7672010064125061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6441758871078491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.448934406042099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.4458862543106079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.38210296630859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.34284543991088867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.1109224259853363}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.7672010064125061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6441758871078491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.448934406042099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.4458862543106079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.38210296630859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.34284543991088867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.1109224259853363}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2025.3582036","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3582036","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2919620667","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U21A20452","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1621653743","https://openalex.org/W1676355938","https://openalex.org/W1972193396","https://openalex.org/W2012958378","https://openalex.org/W2049081193","https://openalex.org/W2095074540","https://openalex.org/W2099111195","https://openalex.org/W2106434019","https://openalex.org/W2106864314","https://openalex.org/W2111764355","https://openalex.org/W2142238976","https://openalex.org/W2152481521","https://openalex.org/W2168007631","https://openalex.org/W2286275639","https://openalex.org/W2320703891","https://openalex.org/W2583438681","https://openalex.org/W2593893328","https://openalex.org/W2735661607","https://openalex.org/W2770606349","https://openalex.org/W2802123921","https://openalex.org/W2963250023","https://openalex.org/W2964042011","https://openalex.org/W2964060933","https://openalex.org/W2974046131","https://openalex.org/W2985994751","https://openalex.org/W3011172489","https://openalex.org/W3083033939","https://openalex.org/W3156021749","https://openalex.org/W3195448355","https://openalex.org/W3198664870","https://openalex.org/W3209298344","https://openalex.org/W3215468737","https://openalex.org/W4214547157","https://openalex.org/W4220874105","https://openalex.org/W4296079458","https://openalex.org/W4300840296","https://openalex.org/W4312525388","https://openalex.org/W4312755469","https://openalex.org/W4317796365","https://openalex.org/W4320031161","https://openalex.org/W4379382423","https://openalex.org/W4379929377","https://openalex.org/W4381194923","https://openalex.org/W4383199388","https://openalex.org/W4385194850","https://openalex.org/W4389459092","https://openalex.org/W4391092876","https://openalex.org/W4399767276","https://openalex.org/W4400276280","https://openalex.org/W4401507915","https://openalex.org/W4405055775","https://openalex.org/W4408100604"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2545343974","https://openalex.org/W4291895924","https://openalex.org/W1783583321","https://openalex.org/W2038397443","https://openalex.org/W2941374357","https://openalex.org/W2112785353","https://openalex.org/W2026727497","https://openalex.org/W2164866798","https://openalex.org/W1976502299","https://openalex.org/W4214657533"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"limited-capacity":[1],"fronthaul":[2,59,67,175],"link":[3],"between":[4],"access":[5],"points":[6],"(APs)":[7],"and":[8,23,61,90,132,158,177,193],"central":[9],"processing":[10],"unit":[11],"(CPU),":[12],"along":[13],"with":[14,57],"signal":[15],"distortions":[16],"caused":[17,172],"by":[18,173],"hardware":[19,62,178],"impairments":[20],"at":[21],"users":[22],"APs,":[24],"lead":[25],"to":[26,145,189],"unreliable":[27],"transmission,":[28],"hindering":[29],"the":[30,49,77,83,92,115,140,153,169,181],"achievement":[31],"of":[32,51,85,117,142,155,164,183],"ultra-reliable":[33],"low-latency":[34],"communication":[35],"(URLLC)":[36],"in":[37,53,76],"cell-free":[38],"(CF)":[39],"massive":[40],"multiple-input-multiple-output":[41],"(mMIMO)":[42],"systems.":[43],"In":[44],"this":[45],"paper,":[46],"we":[47,81,126],"investigate":[48,128],"performance":[50,124],"URLLC":[52],"CF":[54],"mMIMO":[55],"systems":[56],"limited":[58,174],"capacity":[60,144,176],"impairments.":[63,179],"First,":[64],"a":[65,103,134,161],"low-complexity":[66],"rate":[68],"allocation":[69],"scheme":[70],"is":[71,110],"proposed":[72],"using":[73],"rate-distortion":[74],"theory":[75],"considered":[78],"system.":[79],"Then,":[80],"derive":[82,133],"distribution":[84],"signal-to-interference-plus":[86],"noise":[87],"ratio":[88,141],"(SINR)":[89],"analyze":[91],"delay":[93],"violation":[94],"probability":[95],"(DVP)":[96],"based":[97],"on":[98],"stochastic":[99],"network":[100],"calculus.":[101],"Furthermore,":[102],"closed-form":[104,135],"upper":[105],"bound":[106],"expression":[107],"for":[108,168],"DVP":[109],"also":[111],"derived.":[112],"To":[113],"fulfill":[114],"requirements":[116],"next-generation":[118],"URLLC,":[119],"which":[120],"demand":[121],"additional":[122],"key":[123],"indicators,":[125],"further":[127],"effective":[129,143],"energy":[130,198],"efficiency":[131],"lower":[136],"bound,":[137],"defined":[138],"as":[139],"total":[146],"power":[147],"consumption.":[148],"Extensive":[149],"numerical":[150],"results":[151],"verify":[152],"accuracy":[154],"our":[156],"derivations":[157],"indicate":[159],"that":[160],"large":[162],"deployment":[163],"APs":[165,184],"can":[166],"compensate":[167],"reliability":[170,195],"degradation":[171],"Additionally,":[180],"number":[182],"must":[185],"be":[186],"appropriately":[187],"configured":[188],"ensure":[190],"low":[191],"latency":[192],"high":[194],"while":[196],"avoiding":[197],"waste.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}