{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411948607","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3580448","title":"A Three-Dimensional Complete Complementary Coded Spread Spectrum System Designed for Multi-User-Multi-Target ISAC Scenarios","display_name":"A Three-Dimensional Complete Complementary Coded Spread Spectrum System Designed for Multi-User-Multi-Target ISAC Scenarios","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411948607","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3580448"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2025.3580448","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3580448","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102866993","display_name":"Xiqing Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4143-3334"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiqing Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","School of Information and Communication Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4143-3334","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100769701","display_name":"Junpeng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0522-0083"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junpeng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","School of Information and Communication Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059325651","display_name":"Linglan Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2241-6977"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linglan Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","School of Information and Communication Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008449823","display_name":"Yiran Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3411-5964"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiran Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","School of Information and Communication Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3411-5964","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102775851","display_name":"Yafei Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8045-6472"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yafei Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","School of Information and Communication Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8045-6472","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060203564","display_name":"Mugen Peng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4755-7231"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mugen Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","School of Information and Communication Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4755-7231","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.1178755,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"12","first_page":"10566","last_page":"10579"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10125","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Techniques","score":0.988099992275238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10125","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Techniques","score":0.988099992275238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11797","display_name":"graph theory and CDMA systems","score":0.9836000204086304,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.980400025844574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7138381004333496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spread-spectrum","display_name":"Spread spectrum","score":0.4798135757446289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.42243367433547974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3751145601272583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.22026169300079346}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7138381004333496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105344744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q958957","display_name":"Spread spectrum","level":3,"score":0.4798135757446289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.42243367433547974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3751145601272583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.22026169300079346}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2025.3580448","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3580448","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G42203324","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62271085","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4436601371","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021YFB2900200","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1968490445","https://openalex.org/W1973533309","https://openalex.org/W2038946940","https://openalex.org/W2047881963","https://openalex.org/W2098140712","https://openalex.org/W2102456912","https://openalex.org/W2144583062","https://openalex.org/W2770460436","https://openalex.org/W2804733476","https://openalex.org/W2954116684","https://openalex.org/W2973384583","https://openalex.org/W2978062653","https://openalex.org/W2981096252","https://openalex.org/W3004905787","https://openalex.org/W3005029648","https://openalex.org/W3024174074","https://openalex.org/W3036855701","https://openalex.org/W3047736659","https://openalex.org/W3110883944","https://openalex.org/W3130622053","https://openalex.org/W3151834167","https://openalex.org/W3156449870","https://openalex.org/W3189209457","https://openalex.org/W3194620979","https://openalex.org/W4206582467","https://openalex.org/W4221152006","https://openalex.org/W4290996172","https://openalex.org/W4312051061","https://openalex.org/W4312536677","https://openalex.org/W4312763156","https://openalex.org/W4312897659","https://openalex.org/W4367663247","https://openalex.org/W4376480551","https://openalex.org/W4385486079","https://openalex.org/W4401596708"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Integrated":[0],"sensing":[1,21,69,147],"and":[2,20,48,63,68,87,115,139,154],"communication":[3,19,67,127],"(ISAC)":[4],"has":[5],"been":[6],"widely":[7],"recognized":[8],"as":[9],"an":[10],"effective":[11],"solution":[12],"to":[13,46,58,137],"achieving":[14],"robust":[15],"performances":[16],"in":[17,32,124,169],"both":[18],"within":[22],"the":[23,56,84,89,129,135,163],"same":[24],"spectrum,":[25],"but":[26],"interference":[27,138],"poses":[28],"a":[29,41,80],"critical":[30],"challenge":[31],"waveform":[33,43],"design.":[34],"To":[35],"address":[36],"this":[37,53],"issue,":[38],"we":[39],"propose":[40],"code-domain":[42],"approach":[44],"applicable":[45],"multi-user":[47],"multi-target":[49],"ISAC":[50],"scenarios.":[51],"Specifically,":[52],"work":[54],"describes":[55],"scheme":[57,165],"mitigate":[59],"multipath,":[60],"multi-user,":[61],"multi-antenna,":[62],"mutual":[64],"interferences":[65],"between":[66],"by":[70],"applying":[71],"three-dimensional":[72],"complete":[73],"complementary":[74],"codes":[75],"(3D-CCC).":[76],"This":[77],"study":[78],"provides":[79],"comprehensive":[81],"overview":[82],"of":[83,95,126,146,171],"codebook":[85,96],"structure":[86],"details":[88],"signal":[90,142],"processing":[91],"workflow.":[92],"The":[93,119],"impact":[94],"parameters":[97],"on":[98],"system":[99],"performance":[100],"is":[101],"evaluated":[102],"through":[103],"simulations":[104],"considering":[105],"bit":[106],"error":[107],"rate":[108],"(BER),":[109],"data":[110],"rate,":[111],"radar":[112],"detection":[113,172],"probability,":[114],"Kullback-Leibler":[116],"divergence":[117],"(KLD).":[118],"simulation":[120],"results":[121],"show":[122],"that,":[123],"terms":[125,145,170],"performance,":[128,148],"code-domain-based":[130],"spread":[131],"spectrum":[132],"technique":[133],"enhances":[134],"robustness":[136],"ensures":[140],"reliable":[141],"transmission.":[143],"In":[144],"3D-CCC":[149],"achieves":[150],"higher":[151],"range":[152],"resolution":[153],"lower":[155],"angular":[156],"mean":[157],"square":[158],"error.":[159],"Under":[160],"certain":[161],"conditions,":[162],"proposed":[164],"outperforms":[166],"existing":[167],"systems":[168],"probability.":[173]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-12-13T23:11:00.310470","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
