{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411203052","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3576432","title":"Network-Level ISAC: An Analytical Study of Antenna Topologies Ranging From Massive to Cell-Free MIMO","display_name":"Network-Level ISAC: An Analytical Study of Antenna Topologies Ranging From Massive to Cell-Free MIMO","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411203052","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3576432"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2025.3576432","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3576432","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035450741","display_name":"Kaitao Meng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7479-2280"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaitao Meng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London, U.K","Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7479-2280","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047685449","display_name":"Kawon Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7058-8562"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kawon Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London, U.K","Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7058-8562","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030334551","display_name":"Christos Masouros","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8259-6615"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christos Masouros","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London, U.K","Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8259-6615","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091122305","display_name":"Lajos Hanzo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2636-5214"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lajos Hanzo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K","School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2636-5214","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.5466,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93503954,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"12","first_page":"10003","last_page":"10018"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranging","display_name":"Ranging","score":0.8056682348251343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.6594809293746948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6372354030609131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-topology","display_name":"Network topology","score":0.520008385181427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.44443172216415405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.4154110550880432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3661162257194519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.35848551988601685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.26418226957321167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13542792201042175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.08531442284584045}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.8056682348251343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.6594809293746948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6372354030609131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199845137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145490","display_name":"Network topology","level":2,"score":0.520008385181427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.44443172216415405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.4154110550880432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3661162257194519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.35848551988601685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.26418226957321167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13542792201042175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.08531442284584045}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2025.3576432","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3576432","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/601764b8-5e9b-4c59-91d9-6afe6d913c82","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.manchester.ac.uk/en/publications/601764b8-5e9b-4c59-91d9-6afe6d913c82","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400662","display_name":"Research Explorer (The University of Manchester)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I28407311","host_organization_name":"University of Manchester","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Meng, K, Han, K, Masouros, C & Hanzo, L 2025, 'Network-level ISAC: An Analytical Study of Antenna Topologies Ranging from Massive to Cell-Free MIMO', IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications. https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2025.3576432","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.soton.ac.uk:503014","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2025.3576432>).","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401019","display_name":"ePrints Soton (University of Southampton)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","host_organization_name":"University of Southampton","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:10211298","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10211298/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications (2025) (In press).","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1566636077","display_name":"Platform Driving The Ultimate Connectivity","funder_award_id":"EP/X04047X/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2909309003","display_name":"Reliable and Robust Quantum Computing","funder_award_id":"EP/W032635/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3589673515","display_name":"TITAN Extension","funder_award_id":"EP/Y037243/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4183412153","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/Y035933/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314731","funder_display_name":"UK Research and Innovation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4851813410","display_name":"Pervasive Wireless Intelligence Beyond the Generations","funder_award_id":"EP/Y026721/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8068566553","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/Y02785X/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314731","funder_display_name":"UK Research and Innovation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314731","display_name":"UK Research and Innovation","ror":"https://ror.org/001aqnf71"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2783354812","https://openalex.org/W4384112194","https://openalex.org/W2103009189","https://openalex.org/W4312958259","https://openalex.org/W4308259661","https://openalex.org/W4390813131","https://openalex.org/W2349383066","https://openalex.org/W4328132048","https://openalex.org/W1969901537","https://openalex.org/W2119768059"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"cooperative":[1,31,34,297,334,351],"architecture":[2],"is":[3,241,305],"proposed":[4,350],"for":[5,101,290],"integrated":[6],"sensing":[7,32,79,337,345],"and":[8,33,59,74,91,98,191,200,250,300,336,346],"communication":[9,35,283,292,347],"(ISAC)":[10],"networks,":[11],"incorporating":[12],"coordinated":[13],"multi-point":[14],"(CoMP)":[15],"transmission":[16,335],"along":[17],"with":[18,150],"multi-static":[19],"sensing.":[20],"We":[21],"investigate":[22,82],"how":[23],"the":[24,41,48,127,144,169,212,222,231,234,245,248,251,262,277,291],"allocation":[25,302,315,326,363],"of":[26,43,64,130,264,282],"antennas-to-base":[27],"stations":[28],"(BSs)":[29],"affects":[30],"performance.":[36,109],"More":[37],"explicitly,":[38],"we":[39,81,285],"balance":[40],"benefits":[42],"geographically":[44,65],"concentrated":[45],"antennas":[46,67],"in":[47,114,215,259,276,338],"massive":[49],"multiple":[50,52],"input":[51],"output":[53],"(MIMO)":[54],"fashion,":[55],"which":[56,71,216],"enhance":[57],"beamforming":[58,329],"coherent":[60],"processing,":[61],"against":[62],"those":[63],"distributed":[66,313,361],"towards":[68],"cell-free":[69],"transmission,":[70],"improve":[72,343],"diversity":[73],"reduce":[75,317],"service":[76],"distances.":[77],"Regarding":[78],"performance,":[80,284],"three":[83],"localization":[84,128,235,270],"methods:":[85],"angle-of-arrival":[86],"(AOA)-":[87],"based,":[88],"time-of-flight":[89],"(TOF)-based,":[90],"a":[92,123,134,161,255,287],"hybrid":[93,170],"approach":[94],"combining":[95],"both":[96],"AOA":[97,201,228],"TOF":[99,199],"measurements,":[100,202],"critically":[102],"appraising":[103],"their":[104],"effects":[105],"on":[106],"ISAC":[107,120,339],"network":[108],"Our":[110],"analysis":[111],"shows":[112,353],"that":[113,307,333],"networks":[115,340],"having":[116],"<italic":[117,138,154,163,174,180,184,188,192],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[118,136,139,152,155,164,175,178,181,185,189,193],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">N</i>":[119,140,165],"nodes":[121],"following":[122],"Poisson":[124],"point":[125],"process,":[126],"accuracy":[129,260],"TOF-based":[131,269],"methods":[132,159,171],"follows":[133],"ln<sup":[135,151,177],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sup>":[137,153,179],"scaling":[141,166,208],"law":[142],"(explicitly,":[143],"Cram\u00e9r-Rao":[145],"lower":[146,321],"bound":[147],"(CRLB)":[148],"reduces":[149],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">N</i>).":[156],"The":[157,204,349],"AOA-based":[158],"follow":[160],"ln":[162,183],"law,":[167],"while":[168,320],"scale":[172],"as":[173,261],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">a</i>":[176,190],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">N+b</i>":[182],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">N</i>,":[186],"where":[187],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">b</i>":[194],"represent":[195],"parameters":[196],"related":[197],"to":[198,230,244,254,316,327,358],"respectively.":[203],"difference":[205],"between":[206,247],"these":[207],"laws":[209],"arises":[210],"from":[211],"distinct":[213],"ways":[214],"measurement":[217],"results":[218],"are":[219],"converted":[220],"into":[221],"target":[223,232],"location.":[224],"Specifically,":[225],"when":[226],"converting":[227],"measurements":[229],"location,":[233],"error":[236],"introduced":[237],"during":[238],"this":[239],"conversion":[240,278],"inversely":[242],"proportional":[243],"distance":[246,273],"BS":[249],"target,":[252],"leading":[253],"more":[256],"significant":[257],"reduction":[258],"number":[263],"transceivers":[265],"increases.":[266],"In":[267,280],"contrast,":[268],"avoids":[271],"such":[272],"dependent":[274],"errors":[275],"process.":[279],"terms":[281],"derive":[286],"tractable":[288],"expression":[289],"data":[293],"rate,":[294],"considering":[295],"various":[296],"region":[298],"sizes":[299],"antenna-to-BS":[301],"strategy.":[303],"It":[304],"proved":[306],"higher":[308],"path":[309],"loss":[310],"exponents":[311,322],"favor":[312,323],"antenna":[314,325,362],"access":[318],"distances,":[319],"centralized":[324,359],"maximize":[328],"gain.":[330],"Simulations":[331],"confirm":[332],"can":[341],"effectively":[342],"non-cooperative":[344],"performance":[348,355],"scheme":[352],"superior":[354],"improvement":[356],"compared":[357],"or":[360],"strategies.":[364]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-19T07:52:34.831488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
