{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410614392","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3569840","title":"Online Adaptive Real-Time Beamforming Design for Dynamic Environments in Cell-Free Systems","display_name":"Online Adaptive Real-Time Beamforming Design for Dynamic Environments in Cell-Free Systems","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410614392","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3569840"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2025.3569840","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3569840","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100685414","display_name":"Guanghui Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1414-0496"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guanghui Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering and the National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","School of Information Science and Engineering, and the National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1414-0496","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering and the National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, and the National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100401162","display_name":"Zheng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3528-558X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zheng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering and the National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","School of Information Science and Engineering, and the National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3528-558X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering and the National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, and the National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100393787","display_name":"Hongxin Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9932-7975"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155350","display_name":"Purple Mountain Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/04zcbk583","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongxin Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9932-7975","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102920372","display_name":"Pengguang Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8985-9098"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengguang Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering and the National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","School of Information Science and Engineering, and the National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8985-9098","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering and the National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, and the National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056225611","display_name":"Yongming Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3616-4616"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongming Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering and the National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","School of Information Science and Engineering, and the National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3616-4616","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering and the National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, and the National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0675384,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"11","first_page":"8925","last_page":"8938"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9890000224113464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9890000224113464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10125","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Techniques","score":0.9861000180244446,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10575","display_name":"Wireless Communication Networks Research","score":0.9804999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.7435251474380493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6864845752716064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-beamformer","display_name":"Adaptive beamformer","score":0.5024468898773193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.44843241572380066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.41783809661865234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2692721486091614}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.7435251474380493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6864845752716064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33378366","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4680719","display_name":"Adaptive beamformer","level":3,"score":0.5024468898773193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.44843241572380066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.41783809661865234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2692721486091614}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2025.3569840","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3569840","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2374063051","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2242022k60002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4448249402","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"KYCX23_0259","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334982","funder_display_name":"Basic Research Program of Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8872165694","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62371124","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G900479562","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62225107","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334982","display_name":"Basic Research Program of Jiangsu Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1970830346","https://openalex.org/W1982682305","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2263624057","https://openalex.org/W2478503558","https://openalex.org/W2896104397","https://openalex.org/W2963788079","https://openalex.org/W2965123227","https://openalex.org/W2979317621","https://openalex.org/W3119853173","https://openalex.org/W3133542152","https://openalex.org/W3158226575","https://openalex.org/W3159770254","https://openalex.org/W3163297254","https://openalex.org/W4206177782","https://openalex.org/W4206317563","https://openalex.org/W4221140616","https://openalex.org/W4221161002","https://openalex.org/W4251789973","https://openalex.org/W4289716374","https://openalex.org/W4315473661","https://openalex.org/W4317796365","https://openalex.org/W4379382365","https://openalex.org/W4383113472","https://openalex.org/W4384158362","https://openalex.org/W4386495227","https://openalex.org/W4387871004","https://openalex.org/W4391428204","https://openalex.org/W4392825617","https://openalex.org/W4392939679","https://openalex.org/W4393371732","https://openalex.org/W4398151367","https://openalex.org/W4402350254","https://openalex.org/W4405869385","https://openalex.org/W4407128284","https://openalex.org/W4410227048"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W818226659","https://openalex.org/W2996333928","https://openalex.org/W2009075871","https://openalex.org/W2132841313","https://openalex.org/W2518591292","https://openalex.org/W1976800395","https://openalex.org/W2105408150","https://openalex.org/W2606661315","https://openalex.org/W2548445082","https://openalex.org/W2072054645"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,89],"consider":[4],"real-time":[5,134],"beamforming":[6,40,72,96,135],"design":[7,41,136],"for":[8,38,84,137],"dynamic":[9,43],"wireless":[10,44],"environments":[11,45],"with":[12,149,157],"varying":[13,86],"channels":[14],"and":[15,22,67,88],"different":[16],"numbers":[17,64],"of":[18,46,65,105,116,119,165],"access":[19],"points":[20],"(APs)":[21],"users":[23],"in":[24,42,77],"cell-free":[25,47],"systems.":[26,48],"Specifically,":[27],"a":[28,53,70,94,153,158],"sum":[29,140,155],"spectral":[30],"efficiency":[31],"(SE)":[32],"maximization":[33],"optimization":[34],"problem":[35],"is":[36,57,74,98,127],"formulated":[37],"the":[39,62,81,85,102,106,117,131,139,146,163],"To":[49],"efficiently":[50],"solve":[51],"it,":[52],"high-generalization":[54,71,95],"network":[55],"(HGNet)":[56],"proposed":[58,128,147],"to":[59,61,79,100,129],"adapt":[60],"changing":[63],"APs":[66],"users.":[68],"Then,":[69],"module":[73,97],"also":[75],"designed":[76],"HGNet":[78,148],"extract":[80],"valuable":[82],"features":[83],"channels,":[87],"theoretically":[90],"prove":[91],"that":[92,145],"such":[93],"able":[99],"reduce":[101],"upper":[103],"bound":[104],"generalization":[107],"error.":[108],"Subsequently,":[109],"by":[110],"online":[111,122,132],"adaptively":[112],"updating":[113,124],"about":[114],"3%":[115],"parameters":[118],"HGNet,":[120],"an":[121],"adaptive":[123,133],"(OAU)":[125],"algorithm":[126,151],"enable":[130],"improving":[138],"SE.":[141],"Numerical":[142],"results":[143],"demonstrate":[144],"OAU":[150],"achieves":[152],"higher":[154],"SE":[156],"lower":[159],"computational":[160],"cost":[161],"on":[162],"order":[164],"milliseconds.":[166]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}