{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410491687","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3569102","title":"Energy-Efficient Probabilistic Semantic Communication Over Space-Air-Ground Integrated Networks","display_name":"Energy-Efficient Probabilistic Semantic Communication Over Space-Air-Ground Integrated Networks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410491687","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3569102"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2025.3569102","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3569102","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029026901","display_name":"Zhouxiang Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0679-2138"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhouxiang Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0679-2138","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066878475","display_name":"Zhaohui Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4475-589X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhaohui Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4475-589X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072241033","display_name":"Mingzhe Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2570-703X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145608581","display_name":"University of Miami","ror":"https://ror.org/02dgjyy92","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145608581"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingzhe Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and the Institute for Data Science and Computing, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Institute for Data Science and Computing, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2570-703X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and the Institute for Data Science and Computing, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145608581"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Institute for Data Science and Computing, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145608581"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111785488","display_name":"Chen Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8676-1915"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132079","display_name":"Hangzhou Wanxiang Polytechnic","ror":"https://ror.org/03sxnxp24","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132079"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Polytechnic Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8676-1915","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Polytechnic Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132079","https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013867024","display_name":"Wei Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9341-8382"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9341-8382","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100751311","display_name":"Zhaoyang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2346-6228"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhaoyang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2346-6228","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007131492","display_name":"Kaibin Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8773-4629"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaibin Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China","Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8773-4629","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":16.8146,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99255975,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"10","first_page":"8814","last_page":"8829"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11896","display_name":"Opportunistic and Delay-Tolerant Networks","score":0.9896000027656555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11896","display_name":"Opportunistic and Delay-Tolerant Networks","score":0.9896000027656555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9871000051498413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9836999773979187,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6856800317764282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.6550886631011963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-space","display_name":"Semantic space","score":0.4280741512775421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.42226964235305786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.20663005113601685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12297195196151733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.08331802487373352}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6856800317764282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.6550886631011963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986420190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39045939","display_name":"Semantic space","level":2,"score":0.4280741512775421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.42226964235305786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.20663005113601685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12297195196151733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.08331802487373352}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2025.3569102","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3569102","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8600000143051147}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1789771324","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"HKU RFS2122-7S04","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322887","funder_display_name":"The Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4350858411","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023QNRC001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330170","funder_display_name":"Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by Tianjin"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7507858145","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"K2023QA0AL02","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7719467863","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023YFB2904804","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322887","display_name":"The Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/03tcppy59"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330170","display_name":"Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by Tianjin","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2105235982","https://openalex.org/W2805161269","https://openalex.org/W2946889564","https://openalex.org/W2969731533","https://openalex.org/W3080511272","https://openalex.org/W3118743448","https://openalex.org/W3137041917","https://openalex.org/W4200498145","https://openalex.org/W4283269916","https://openalex.org/W4292261130","https://openalex.org/W4293221718","https://openalex.org/W4312044727","https://openalex.org/W4312766166","https://openalex.org/W4313071464","https://openalex.org/W4313455370","https://openalex.org/W4317794926","https://openalex.org/W4318586293","https://openalex.org/W4376480832","https://openalex.org/W4383753323","https://openalex.org/W4384158383","https://openalex.org/W4386066401","https://openalex.org/W4387010818","https://openalex.org/W4391935850","https://openalex.org/W4392174040","https://openalex.org/W4392905013","https://openalex.org/W4396611988","https://openalex.org/W4396909799","https://openalex.org/W4396910013","https://openalex.org/W4399376062","https://openalex.org/W4399665748","https://openalex.org/W4400268125","https://openalex.org/W4400276203","https://openalex.org/W4402302582","https://openalex.org/W4402474682","https://openalex.org/W4402774450","https://openalex.org/W4405974519","https://openalex.org/W4406321984","https://openalex.org/W4406354459","https://openalex.org/W4406610793","https://openalex.org/W4408183478","https://openalex.org/W4408324608"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Space-air-ground":[0],"integrated":[1],"networks":[2],"(SAGINs)":[3],"are":[4,225],"emerging":[5],"as":[6,72,110,173],"a":[7,30,54,73,111,138,154],"pivotal":[8],"element":[9],"in":[10,41,135],"the":[11,20,36,51,77,80,88,92,97,116,123,131,144,180,188,215,233,236],"evolution":[12],"of":[13,23,38,125,187,235],"future":[14],"wireless":[15],"networks.":[16],"Despite":[17],"their":[18],"potential,":[19],"joint":[21,166],"design":[22],"communication":[24,45,121,157,167,182],"and":[25,79,158,168,183,199,222],"computation":[26,127,132,159,169,184,193,219],"within":[27],"SAGINs":[28],"remains":[29],"formidable":[31],"challenge.":[32],"In":[33,50],"this":[34,205],"paper,":[35],"problem":[37,170,176],"energy":[39,163,185],"efficiency":[40],"SAGIN-enabled":[42],"probabilistic":[43,106],"semantic":[44,145,196],"(PSCom)":[46],"system":[47],"is":[48,102,137,150,171],"investigated.":[49],"considered":[52],"model,":[53],"satellite":[55,78],"needs":[56],"to":[57,60,86,143,152,160,178],"transmit":[58],"data":[59],"multiple":[61],"ground":[62],"terminals":[63],"(GTs)":[64],"via":[65],"an":[66,174,211],"unmanned":[67],"aerial":[68],"vehicle":[69],"(UAV)":[70],"acting":[71],"relay.":[74],"During":[75],"transmission,":[76],"UAV":[81,200,223],"can":[82,94],"use":[83],"PSCom":[84,101,136],"technique":[85],"compress":[87],"transmitting":[89],"data,":[90],"while":[91],"GTs":[93],"automatically":[95],"recover":[96],"missing":[98],"information.":[99],"The":[100,165],"underpinned":[103],"by":[104],"shared":[105],"graphs":[107],"that":[108],"serve":[109],"common":[112],"knowledge":[113],"base":[114],"among":[115],"transceivers,":[117],"allowing":[118],"for":[119,218],"resource-saving":[120],"at":[122,227],"expense":[124],"increased":[126],"resource.":[128],"Through":[129],"analysis,":[130],"overhead":[133],"function":[134,140],"piecewise":[139],"with":[141],"respect":[142],"compression":[146,197],"ratio.":[147],"Therefore,":[148],"it":[149],"important":[151],"make":[153],"balance":[155],"between":[156],"achieve":[161],"optimal":[162],"efficiency.":[164],"formulated":[172],"optimization":[175],"aiming":[177],"minimize":[179],"total":[181],"consumption":[186],"network":[189],"under":[190],"latency,":[191],"power,":[192],"capacity,":[194],"bandwidth,":[195],"ratio,":[198],"location":[201],"constraints.":[202],"To":[203],"solve":[204],"non-convex":[206],"non-smooth":[207],"problem,":[208],"we":[209],"propose":[210],"iterative":[212],"algorithm":[213],"where":[214],"closed-form":[216],"solutions":[217],"capacity":[220],"allocation":[221],"altitude":[224],"obtained":[226],"each":[228],"iteration.":[229],"Numerical":[230],"results":[231],"show":[232],"effectiveness":[234],"proposed":[237],"algorithm.":[238]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}